Vol 46, No 1 (1965)

In connection with the increase in the frequency of allergic diseases among the population and the expansion of our knowledge in the field of allergy, the issues of combating it acquire special relevance. The following classification (according to BB Kogan) of allergic processes known in the clinic can give an idea of ​​how widely allergy is involved in the origin of very common nosological forms.

The term "chronic pneumonia" combines such concepts as chronic bronchitis, cirrhosis of the lungs, pneumosclerosis, bronchiectasis, adenosinuspneumopathy (the latter - at the suggestion of Yu. F. Dombrovskaya).

In recent years, the number of patients suffering from chronic pneumonia has increased significantly, and antibiotics did not provide the same effect in this disease that was observed earlier, apparently due to a change in the nature of microflora and an increase in its resistance to antibiotics. This prompts the search for new methods of treatment for this disease.

In the clinic of internal diseases, it is quite often necessary to deal with patients in whom asthma attacks occur and proceed against the background of a chronic or acute inflammatory process in the bronchopulmonary apparatus. However, in most cases, such attacks are regarded as bronchial asthma. The establishment of the same causal moments of asthmoid phenomena plays a significant role in the choice of rational pathogenetic therapy.

In connection with the increase in the diagnosis of tuberculous and peripheral cancer, the improvement of the methods of X-ray examination and the widespread use of lung resection in recent years, interest in rounded shadows in the lungs has increased. Inner Mohr, Rotthoff, Willmann on a large material found that they occur in 7%. According to the literature, tuberculomas make up a significant part of the rounded shadows.

The development of pulmonary surgery in recent years has given rise to an extensive literature on such relatively rare forms of pulmonary pathology as cysts and cyst-like formations. Most authors have adopted the classification of I.A.Zvorykin, who divides all cystic formations in the lungs into a) true cysts of the lungs, b) cyst-like formations, c) air cavities that have arisen on the basis of local emphysema of the lungs, d) parasitic cysts.

In recent years, the range of surgical interventions on the lung for suppurative processes has significantly expanded. The development of economical resection techniques, the improvement of anesthesia, and a detailed study of postoperative complications made possible radical interventions in bilateral lung lesions, in particular, in bronchiectasis.

In 1948, Gracham, Burford and Mayer described an X-ray picture of pathological changes in the middle lobe of the right lung, which are based on atelectasis of this lobe. They identified and designated this pathology as "mid-left syndrome." The anatomical prerequisites for selective lesion of the middle lobe are considered by many to be stenosis of the middle lobe bronchus. At the same time, decisive importance is attached to the anatomical and topographic features of the middle lobe bronchus (narrow lumen of the bronchus surrounded by lymph nodes).

For 1957-1961. In the maternity hospital of the UZTM, 15,430 women were delivered, of whom 148 (0.95%) had a caesarean section. According to Soviet obstetricians, the frequency of caesarean section operation has fluctuated in recent years from 0.75 to 2.8% of all births (A.I. Burkhanov), and in the majority it is less than 1%. In foreign obstetricians, the frequency of cesarean section is much higher: from 3.1% (K. W. Schultze) to 10% (A. Webster). Such a high percentage of Caesar sections among foreign obstetricians, even by their admission (Webster, etc.), is unjustified. For our part, we add to this Webster consideration that it is also harmful for a number of reasons.

All types of caesarean section operations are still dangerous surgical interventions. The widespread corporal caesarean section is especially unfavorable in its consequences for the mother - pain, menstrual irregularities, displacement of the uterus and fixation of it, disorders of bowel and bladder functions. During pregnancy and childbirth after surgery, ruptures of the uterus along the scar are frequent and formidable complications, the proportion of which has become significant in recent years. Ruptures of the uterus after cesarean section in the lower segment in the domestic literature are counted in units.

The search for new, more rational methods of treating newborn asphyxia as the main cause of early infant mortality and stillbirth remains one of the topical issues of obstetric practice.

Among patients with diabetes mellitus, from 3.8% (Bakker and Zeige, 1955) to 7.6% (A.I. Vilnyansky, 1956) suffer from active pulmonary tuberculosis. At the same time, there is a low-symptom course of tuberculosis, which leads to its late detection. Among 177 diabetic patients whom TF Smurova observed, 23.7% had a fibrous-cavernous form of pulmonary tuberculosis.

The main method in the treatment of diabetes mellitus is diet therapy. If necessary, hormone replacement therapy with insulin and, if indicated, sulfonyl-urea preparations are added to dietary treatment. Patients with diabetes mellitus with obesity in most cases painfully tolerate diet therapy due to the excruciating feeling of hunger. It is advisable for such patients to prescribe drugs with anorexinogenic effect. These funds stimulate energy processes in the body, promote the mobilization of fat from the depot and inhibit its formation from carbohydrates.

Blockade of nerve impulses through the nodes of the autonomic nervous system, inhibition of the transmission of nerve impulses from preganglionic to postganglionic fibers of autonomic nerves are characteristic features of the action of ganglionic blocking agents, which include pachicarpin, which is used in medical practice in the form of iodine hydrate.

Cervical pregnancy is rare and belongs to one of the most severe forms of obstetric pathology.

Comparative assessment of standard methods of bacteriological research of water was carried out by many authors: ND Rutshtein (1952), LE Korsh (1953), MG Kichenko (1955), ND Kurochkin (1955) and others. All of them in their works point to the greater sensitivity of the two-phase fermentation method in comparison with the method of membrane filters, note its simplicity and clarity. The reliability of the determination of the degree of fecal contamination obtained by the method of membrane filters, according to the data of L. E. Korsh (1953), largely depends on the quality of membrane filters and on the physical properties of water. When working with filters that the author assesses as benign, similar results were obtained by both methods.

Prevention of premature birth, reduction of prematurity, and nursing of premature babies are important measures to further reduce the mortality of young children (S. V. Kurashev, N. N. Grigorieva, A. F. Tur, etc.).

The introduction of flame photometry into the practice of medical research has made it possible to extensively study the exchange of electrolytes in normal conditions and under various pathological conditions. To date, it has been sufficiently convincingly proven that the change in the content of Na and K in certain diseases in individual blood and its fractions - erythrocytes and plasma - does not occur in parallel (1, 2, 7, 10, 14). This, naturally, postulates the definition of them in each of these environments. The methods published in the domestic literature available to us have been developed on laboratory or foreign-made devices that are inaccessible to most medical institutions, and provide for the quantitative determination of electrolytes in one or two of the indicated research objects (3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13). Determination of Na and K content using a domestic photometer of the PPF-UNIIZ type has been developed only for blood serum (6). In this regard, we offer our methodology. The principles of the method are now widely known, and we do not dwell on them.

In recent years, our publishing houses have published a large number of textbooks, manuals and monographs on various aspects of internal medicine. There is no shortage of pharmacological guidelines. However, these books for the most part lacked a synthetic element that can be defined as clinical pharmacology - “pharmacological thinking at the patient's bedside” (B. Ye. Votchal). This gap is largely filled by the book under review.

The importance of groundwater in drinking water supply is increasing every year. In the USSR, at present, more than half of the urban population and at least 80% of the rural population use groundwater. At the same time, despite the enormous, often insufficiently fully satisfied demand for water, groundwater in the USSR is used completely insufficiently (less than 2% of the recorded reserves). This is due to: 1) poor knowledge of groundwater resources; 2) uneven distribution of water reserves; 3) severe pollution of a number of water sources, including groundwater, by industrial effluents (in particular, in the Donbass, wastewater discharge at the Lesnaya Dacha site disabled two water intakes that supplied two cities with drinking water). In the United States, as the late President J. Kennedy stated several years ago, water should be the number one problem by 1970. In our country, the rapid development of industry, especially the chemical industry, as well as an increase in the area of ​​irrigated land is being forced to take measures to protect water resources from depletion and pollution. This was the reason for the convocation of a special All-Union Scientific and Technical Conference on the use of underground waters and their artificial replenishment.

In recent years, drugs have been widely introduced into oncological practice. A new concept of "tumor chemotherapy" has become widespread - the intervention of drugs in specific links in the metabolism of tumor cells. However, in most cases, the blastomatous process requires the doctor to use the entire arsenal of tools available to modern medicine. With the complex therapy of cancer patients, it is absolutely necessary to stimulate the body's defenses, to raise its resistance. The conference on the indirect effect on the tumor process attracted the attention of the general medical community in Leningrad and other cities of the country due to the urgency of the problem.

The main programmatic problems of the conference were scoliosis and damage to the elbow joint. In addition to Romanian orthopedic traumatologists, specialists from Poland, East Germany, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, France, Austria, Finland, etc., took part in it, from the USSR was the author of this article.

At the meetings of the conference and organized symposia, 220 reports were heard.

On November 6, 1964, at the age of 63, after a serious and prolonged illness, the candidate of medical sciences, associate professor Maria Aleksandrovna Aluf, who headed the Department of Pharmacology of the Kazan Medical Institute, died for a long time.

Over the past decade, there have been extremely widespread influenza pandemics in 1957, in 1959, and a significant epidemic outbreak in early 1962.