Vol 50, No 4 (1969)

In pre-revolutionary Russia, there were about 300-400 doctors-specialists in ear, throat and nose diseases, who had about 200 beds at their disposal. Departments of otorhinolaryngology were only at the Military Medical Academy, at the Higher Women's Medical Courses, at the Clinical Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors, at the medical faculties of Moscow and Saratov Universities. Advanced training of doctors was carried out only at the clinical institute, opened in 1885. in St. Petersburg, and even then in a very limited number of disciplines (in particular, the office for ear diseases was opened only in 1889). Of course, with such a state of affairs, there could be no question of any effective otorhinolaryngological services for the population of the country.

In most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, timely surgical treatment gives good and even excellent results. However, complications that worsen the course of the postoperative period are still not uncommon. If we exclude the outbreak of a specific process in the operated lung and on the opposite side, then the most formidable complication is the development of pleural empyema.

Despite the success of pulmonary surgery, there is still a large number of refusals from operations due to the prevalence of the pathological process in the lungs and low indicators of the function of external respiration [4, 6]. According to some authors, complete recovery after radical surgery occurs in 70-80% of patients [9, 12, 16, 17]. The rest of the patients after the operation continue to make various complaints, most often for coughing with sputum, periodic fever.

With prolonged chemotherapy of tuberculosis patients, side effects often occur. A well-known part of them is associated with metabolic disorders of complex B vitamins.

We observed patients with upper quadrant reflected syndrome, which arose in connection with lung pathology. 45 of them (40.9%) had reflected headaches in addition to other algic signs of repercussive syndrome (pain in the upper arm, shoulder joint, arm, chest, etc.). In 60%, they resembled hemicrania and coincided with the side of the pleuro-pulmonary process with its unilateral localization, in the rest they were diffuse, but clearly dominated in intensity on the side of the affected lung. By nature, they were pulsating, aching, aching; they usually occurred in the occipital region and spread anteriorly to the parietal, less often the frontal region; sometimes they were given to the eye or ear. In half of the patients, they intensified with sudden head movements or, conversely, with prolonged forced head position. In 32 patients, kefalgia was combined with noise in the head or ears (according to the type of objective ear noise). In addition, 12 patients complained of dizziness, but only 2 had systemic dizziness, the rest experienced a feeling of nausea, uncertainty when walking, etc. 12 patients with headache companions had visual disturbances, expressed in periodic darkening in the eyes, a feeling of shroud or fog in front of the eyes, flickering of flies or black dots. Soreness of typical vegetative algic points on the head and neck was noted: supraorbital [7], vertebral artery [22]. As a rule, the temporal reflex of S. S. Vermel (1929) turned out to be positive. Thus, the violations listed above were clearly of vegetative-vascular origin.

In 1932, Prof. B. L. Mazur, growing a "blue stick" in broth, devoid of the acid resistance of the Koch stick, for the first time received an atuberculin antivirus. The "blue wand" and the classic tuberculous mycobacterium do not grow in B. L. Mazur's antivirus. In its environment, the antivirus does not contain tuberculin, it withstands sterilization in an autoclave well. These specific properties of the antivirus made it possible to use it in the clinic. In patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis treated with this drug, manifestations of concomitant diseases, in particular bronchial asthma, disappeared. Annually by the antivirus of Prof. B. L. Mazur treated 50-60 patients suffering only from bronchial asthma.

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of violations of gas exchange in the lungs (in terms of lung volumes, uniformity of distribution of inhaled gas, diffusion of gases in the alveolo-capillary system of the lungs), deviations of alkaline-acid equilibrium, the effect of CO2 on the respiratory center (by the increase in pulmonary ventilation), on the accumulation of CO2 in the inhaled air (by the method of return respiration). The research was carried out using domestic devices: a closed-type spirograph A-M, an azotograph A-1, a low-inertia gas analyzer GUM-2, an oxyhemograph 0-36, an apparatus for measuring hydrogen ions AZIV-1.

The central position occupied by the liver in metabolic processes determines its secondary defeat in various pathological conditions of the body. For a sufficiently complete understanding of these changes, it is necessary to study not only functional abnormalities, but also morphological damage to liver cells. In this regard, the method of puncture liver biopsy has recently become widespread, which allows to identify the initial forms of liver damage, to make dynamic monitoring of the course of the pathological process, to detail the diagnosis.

Due to the polymorphism of abdominal pain syndrome, tuberculous mesoadenitis refers to difficult-to-diagnose diseases. It often occurs under the "mask" of chronic appendicitis and other diseases of the abdominal cavity. The cause of various digestive disorders accompanying tuberculous mesoadenitis are combined disorders of the function of various digestive organs.

The functional state of the adrenal cortex in patients with severe primary toxic goiter was judged by the content of 17-oxycorticosteroids (ACS) and 17-ketosteroids (17-CS) in the daily amount of urine, which were examined respectively by the Porter and Silber method modified by M. A. Krekhova and modified by O. M. Uvarovskaya by the Zimmerman method. In all patients, the basic metabolism was determined using the AOOZ-M apparatus of the Kazan Plant of Medical Equipment, and in some of them, in parallel, also according to the Gele and Breitman formula.

The modern stage of otosclerosis surgery is characterized by the widespread use of radical operations on the stirrup. Allowing in almost all cases to restore the disturbed mechanism of sound transmission, these operations are accompanied by a reaction of the inner ear, the severity of which ultimately determines the functional effect of the operation.

Questions of etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of weakness of labor activity are of paramount importance to date, especially during childbirth in the pelvic presentation. A necessary condition for the birth of a healthy child with pelvic presentation is the presence of good labor activity. Meanwhile, when studying the slow bioelectric activity of the uterus (BAM) by the method of G. M. Lisovskaya (1963), we found that the functional activity of the uterus during pelvic presentation of the fetus at the end of pregnancy is significantly reduced. The overall level of BAM as an indicator of quantitative measurement was on average equal to 34.7 conventional units in primiparous, 30.3 in repeat—bearing, while 65 and 50 respectively in head presentation. Consequently, the appearance of weakness of the expelling forces in childbirth is not accidental, but is due to the functional inferiority of the uterus that occurs at the end of pregnancy.

The role of viral infections in the pathology of the visual organ is becoming increasingly important. The etiological role of viruses in diseases of both the outer membranes of the eye (trachoma, conjunctivitis, keratitis) and in diseases of the inner membranes of the eye and the visual pathways (iritis, iridocyclitis, optic neuritis, etc.) has been clarified.

In an effort to improve the effectiveness of treatment of tuberculosis patients, clinicians have been increasingly using increased therapeutic doses of GINK drugs in recent years. Many researchers, both in experimental and clinical observations, have found the advantage of high doses of tubazide over low ones [8, 10, 11], In this regard, there has been a tendency to use tubazide 0.3 three times, i.e. 15-20 mg/kg, even in broad clinical practice. Meanwhile, such a dose in the world literature is considered high, often leading to toxic reactions. Based on the materials of Biehl and co. (1954), Costelletos and co. (1954), Benda and co. (1954), a side effect when using isoniazid at a dose of 16-24 mg / kg is observed in 28-44% of cases. At the same time, the data on the therapeutic advantage of high doses cannot yet be considered indisputable, since there is a message about the absence of an additional effect with an increase in the amount of the drug administered [7]. The purpose of this study was to study the nature and frequency of side effects of tubazide, used 0.3 3 times a day, compared with average doses and the possibility of preventing toxic-allergic reactions with pyridoxine. There were 807 patients with fresh and chronic forms of pulmonary tuberculosis under observation (age - from 18 to 68 years). 210 people received tubazid 0.15 3 times a day and 597 - 0.3 3 times a day in combination with other tuberculostatic agents of the I or II series. Some patients receiving high doses of tubazide were given pyridoxine to prevent side effects.

The most common malformations of female genital organs are hymenal and vaginal atresia. In most cases, they are congenital and do not manifest themselves before the onset of menstruation, but they can also occur as a result of injury. With the development of menstrual-ovarian function, menstrual secretions do not find their way out and accumulate, forming hematocolpos, hematometer, hematosalpinx. Overflow and overextension of the internal genitals cause the appearance of abdominal pain during periods corresponding to the onset of menstruation.

Appendicular infiltrate is a frequent complication of acute appendicitis.

Recently, intravenous hormone-chemotherapy has become widely used in patients with chronic forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. At the same time, the authors pay little attention to possible allergic and toxic complications that occur with intravenous administration of antibacterial drugs, and in particular tubazid.

In our 25-bed pulmonary surgical department, bronchological examinations have been used since March 1965. 236 bronchoscopes have been performed on 204 patients aged 8 to 77 years. All bronchoscopies were performed under anesthesia.

Since 1959, we have used aeroionotherapy for a number of diseases.

Currently, a significant part of the operations are performed in the patient's side position. Turning it into this position after induction into anesthesia and intubation may be accompanied by postural circulatory reactions up to cardiovascular collapse. The latter is most often found in patients with lesions of the spinal cord and spine, with cardiovascular diseases. Postural circulatory reactions are especially pronounced with potentiated anesthesia. In order to prevent them, Sanchez-Salazar and Burstein (1959) proposed intubating patients who are going to undergo surgery in a side position in the same position. However, we could not find coverage of a number of issues related to the use of this method of intubation in the literature.

In No. 5 of the Kazan Medical Journal for 1968, a small note by N. I. Pushkarev on the diagnosis of rib fractures was published.

Nonspecific ulcer of the small intestine in the Russian literature was first described by S. M. Rubashov in 1928. The relative rarity and acute course of the disease requiring emergency surgical intervention explains our scant information about the etiology and pathogenesis of this type of pathology.

I., 40 years old, was admitted on 7/V 1968 for a tumor of the abdominal cavity.

Persons suffering from functional disorders of the nervous system with cardiovascular disorders make up a significant part of outpatient therapeutic patients. Their treatment in polyclinic conditions requires long-term use of individually selected medications that normalize the activity of the nervous system, favorably affect the heart muscle and improve blood circulation. Such a combined, sedative, cardiotonic effect and the property of reducing the excitability of the heart muscle are preparations of goricolor, lily of the valley, valerian, motherwort and hawthorn.

In a healthy person, there is constant salivation, the magnitude of which varies from person to person, but is almost constant in this individual. Attachment of the Krasnogorsky — Leshley capsule to the excretory duct of the parotid salivary gland allows you to observe continuous saliva secretion, which some call rest secretion, others background salivation.

In recent years, due to the synthetic production of cocarboxylase, interest in its use in a number of diseases has increased.

In order to obtain data on injuries at the enterprise, we studied registration logs at health centers, outpatient records, medical histories, accident reports for 1963-1966.

The term "dumping-stomach" to denote the pathological condition in patients after gastroenterostomy for gastric ulcer was proposed by Mix and Andrews in 1920. In 1935, in the monograph of Easterman and Balfour, the appearance of rapid evacuation was described for the first time not only after gastroenterostomy, but also after gastric resection; the authors called this complication "dumping stomach". Gilbert and Dunlop (1947) applied the term "dumping syndrome". For the first time, the secondary dyspeptic syndrome after gastroenterostomy was described by Denesho (1907). Hertz (1911, 1913) pointed out that the emptying of the stomach was too fast after gastroenteroanastomosis, imposed due to gastric ulcer. There are about 60-70 names of the syndrome in the literature: hyperglycemic [10, 17], hypoglycemic [33, 62], hormonal, postgastroresection [27], alimentary-enterogenic vegetative [34], enterogenic asthenia [5], etc. More often, especially abroad, they use the name "dumping syndrome". In the Russian literature, the term "agastric asthenia" is used, proposed by A. A. Busalov to designate a number of pathological conditions after gastric resection, including dumping syndrome. I. D. Tonasienko reasonably believes that agastric asthenia and dumping syndrome should be separated. Agastric asthenia is a chronic condition caused by a violation of a number of functions after gastric resection; dumping syndrome depends on the nature of the food taken, has a paroxysmal character and has little effect on the general condition of patients. Therefore, it is necessary to differentiate more carefully the various conditions after gastric resection, without using the generalized term "agastric asthenia".

Currently, the role of bronchospasm in the development of respiratory insufficiency in pulmonary patients has been fully proven [1, 4, 8, 9, etc.]. The severity of bronchospasm is usually determined using a pneumotachometer of the power (maximum volumetric velocity) of the air jet during exhalation [3, 4, 10, 12). However, a pneumotachometrically recorded decrease in the absolute figures of the maximum volume expiratory velocity, apparently, is not always a criterion of bronchospasm. G. O. Badalyan (1962), proposing to express the actual expiratory power as a percentage of the proper value, found that with normal bronchial patency, this ratio is at least 85%. For the proper amount of exhalation power, they took the actual WEL multiplied by 1.2.

Many researchers have found that the female body is more sensitive to industrial hazards than the male [6, 8, 12, 14].

On the 1st of 1885, by the decree of the Kazan City Duma, the Kazan City Admiralty Hospital was opened in a hired house. The closest reason for the opening of the hospital was the epidemic of Asian cholera, which appeared in Western Europe.

Indicators of physical development of children and adolescents are an important criterion characterizing the health of the population.

The author of the book, Professor Pavel Vasilyevich Manenkov, is a student of the famous Professor Viktorin Sergeevich Gruzdev, his successor at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Kazan Medical Institute and currently a consultant at the clinic.