Vol 24, No 6 (1928)

In recent years the Kazan Anatomical Institute has suffered because of the lack of sufficient cadaveric material. For example, in the current academic year only 20 entire adult corpses were delivered to the Institute, which were barely enough for practical classes with students, and the teaching staff could not get a single corpse for research work. This shortage forces us, the staff of the Institute, to engage in journeys to sections of the departments of forensic medicine and pathological anatomy in order to obtain there organs: either intestines, or kidneys, or other parts necessary for work or for the museum. Of course, we try to make 100% use of the material we obtain in this way, just as we do with children's cadavers.

Large city statistics show an infection rate of nearly 100 percent for children, but not more than 15 percent of them die. Apparently, these 15% are susceptible to TB, while the majority remain latent or are cured of the infection. It is also very common to find cases when, in spite of the most favorable conditions for infection (living together with a person with TB in the same room, working together with them, etc.), people do not become ill with active TB disease. The old authors have long said that a special predisposition is necessary to become ill with tuberculosis. With the discovery of Koch and later with the work of Cornet this question was temporarily obscured, but soon Virchow and many other authors, especially French, began again to point to the enormous role of individual characteristics of the body in the incidence of tuberculosis.

Diagnosis of perforative ulcers of the stomach and duodenum in typical, trivial cases, delivered at an early stage, is relatively easy: The ulcerous history, the sudden pain of an acute, twitching nature, mainly in the epigastrii, the sharply pronounced tension of the abdominal muscles,-mainly the rectus muscle on the right side, with the absence of breathing movements of the abdominal muscles (Breehe), all this gives an extremely typical picture, allowing a diagnosis of perforation to be made with certainty. This very picture was expressed in two of our patients, one of whom was in the clinic, was preparing for surgery for a gastric ulcer with a verified diagnosis and gave a picture of perforation the day before surgery; the other patient was in the Therapeutic Clinic with a diagnosis of ulcer and during the probe examination he felt sharp pain in the right abdomen, after which he had a plank-like muscle tension.

Since Halsted, in 1884, "initiated a therapeutic method of reinfusion of one's own blood (after blood citration) for a number of diseases" (N.V. Sokolov), autologemotherapy, having undergone various modifications both in the way of application and in indications and contraindications, has taken a place of honor among other treatment methods. Autochemotherapy, as an independent or sub-method of treatment, has been and is used by many medical specialties. This method of treatment, fascinating in its simplicity and sometimes brilliant in its effect, could not, of course, go unnoticed by representatives of obstetrics and gynecology.

The diagnosis of bladder and urinary disorders due to diseases of the nervous system is not difficult in cases with clearly defined symptoms of nervous system disorders. In the initial stages of spinal cord disease, however, these symptoms may be so obscure that when examined, especially by a layman, they may go unrecognized. In these cases, any sign that may indicate the presence of nervous system suffering and thereby establish the cause of bladder disease and urinary disorders is of great diagnostic value.

Every dermatologist who has seen lupus erythematodes localized on the scalp has been struck by the fact that the scars left by lupus erythematodes on the scalp are deeper than those left on the face, and these latter, especially those located near the nose, are in turn deeper than those left on any other part of the body. This involuntarily brings to mind another skin affliction, favus, which also leaves deep marks on the scalp and almost no marks in those cases where scabs are localized on the body.

Social psychiatry is a new, little-known branch of psychiatry, which has as its subject the study and explanation of the phenomena of social life from a psychiatric point of view. This does not mean, however, that it has no points of contact with clinical psychiatry. Kraepelin, who was the first to speak of social psychiatry, started from the mentally ill person, studying the question of the effect on the person's psyche of his alienation from the natural environment and from the conditions of life with which he has been fused in body and soul for many years. In this particular case of social psychiatry, Kraepelin notes that we are opening the door to a vast new discipline, the full extent and significance of which we can only anticipate rather than know. Indeed, Kraepelin's premonition that we are dealing in social psychiatry with a very important and extensive branch of human knowledge that will help us solve the problems of social life soon proved true. The role of social psychiatry in modern life is well established, and without it is almost impossible to solve the problems of social life.

The authors were convinced by experiments that this disease is not transmitted by the bite of a bedbug infected with recurrens.

The author suggests as such a mixture of equal parts of red methylene dye (Methylrot) and methylene blue in an alcoholic solution (0.5 per 1000.0 alcohol); this mixture in an acidic solution has a blue color, and in an alkaline solution is green.

The author tried the garlic preparation allizatin in 50 cases of acute and subacute intestinal catarrhs, mainly enteritis and enterocolitis. In most cases, already after the first intake (two tablets 3-4 times a day) the undoubted intestinal soothing effect of the remedy was noticed; the number of bowel movements decreased and their consistency became normal usually already after 2 days. A rapid restoration of appetite was also noticeable.

The author successfully fights arhythmia perpetua with quinidine, obtaining elimination of its seizures in 1/4 of cases. Treatment with quinidine should always be preceded by administration of foxglove, and quinidine is given only when the latter has eliminated the decompensation, otherwise there may be dangers: embolism, heart paralysis, general deterioration.

The author, contrary to the English authors, who from colloidal lead saw 15% cure of non-surgical cancer, reports very disappointing results obtained in the Berlin Hufeland-Hospital'e: of 14 cases (8 cases of uterine cancer, 4 breast, 2 skin) success was not obtained in none.

The author informs that out of 1298 cases, admitted to the Zurich Surgical Clinic during the last 5 years with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, in 252 (20%) the recognition proved to be erroneous. In ³/₄ of these latter cases the diagnosis was corrected by investigation before the operation and in ¹/₄ the diagnosis was discovered only during the operation.

Experimental studies by mostly American authors have shown that infusion of hypertonic NaCl solution into animals with intestinal obstruction can prolong animal life up to 28-30 days. Based on these data, Proff. Gosset and Binet and Dr. Petit-Dutaillis used infusion of this solution in 2 cases, in one of which the patient, after surgical removal of the obstruction, threatened death from the strongest intoxication, intravenous injection of 10% NaCl solution led to his real "resurrection", and in another the phenomena of intoxication were prevented by using NaCl from the first day. 

The author draws attention to the importance of mental preparation of the patient before and after surgery. It is also necessary to take care of a good ventilation of the lungs after each anesthesia. We should not forget about the possibility of late asphyxia. Those who have not recovered from anesthesia should be in a horizontal position, but thereafter an elevated position is desirable for better expectoration. The operated organ should be laid to rest. A good preventive measure against postoperative pneumonia and thrombosis is breathing exercises, passive and active movements of the limbs and massage.

The author cites the case of a 70-year-old patient who, after a head-down fall from a ladder, was found on fluoroscopy to have a fracture of the posterior arch of the atlantum with a slight displacement; the patient was discharged after 26 days without any special treatment.

The author reviews the material of habitual patellar dislocations that passed through Lexer's clinic over 2 years. All cases were operated according to Whitelock's method: a skin incision is made along the medial surface of the knee joint; the distal tendon end of m. gracilis is separated from its attachment, passed under m. sartorius and sutured to lig. patellare. The author saw good long-term results in all cases.

To test corneal sensitivity, Prof. Sommerg recommends the following procedure: make the patient look slightly upwards with the eyes closed and simultaneously palpate the corneas through the closed eyelids with the tips of the index fingers or little fingers, applying as much equal pressure as possible. If one of the corneas appears to be more sensitive, sliding the finger along the convexity of the eyelid can immediately approximate the location of this sensitivity.

Based on anatomical studies, the author concludes that in tabial optic atrophy, spirochaete endotoxins initially cause disruption of not only marginal but also parenchymatous glia bundles: a secondary consequence is a nutritional disorder of the underlying nerve fibers, which through this undergo degeneration to their final decay.

The femur, shoulder and clavicle were fractured during childbirth, mostly in the diaphyseal part. Usually the periosteum in these fractures is intact due to its strength and considerable thickness and fits around the bone fragments like a socket. Newborn bones, poor in salts, are less fragile than in adults and do not form sharp ends; because of this, fractures occur as "fractures en bois vert" ("green twig fracture"), without length and lateral displacement, but simply bent at an angle. In addition, muscle retraction in newborns is weakly expressed.

The pituitary gland was illuminated on both sides 1/4-1/3 HED with a 0.5 mm filter. Cu + l mm. Al. In cases of hypertrophy of the thyroid gland 1/4 HED was given to its area. Sessions were repeated after 3 weeks. In all but 2 cases of premature menopause, the author obtained good results after all other treatments had failed.

The author reports the results of radiotherapy for vaginal cancers, the incidence of which does not exceed 2% among other cancers of the genital sphere. A total of 21 cases were treated. In most cases they were squamous-epithelial cancers located in the posterior fornix of the sleeve; sometimes it was difficult to distinguish them from secondary cancers transferred from the portio. Most often, primary cancers of the sleeve occurred between the ages of 30 and 40 years.

The author points to the fact that the cause of thympathy of the stomach, which develops simultaneously with the intake of food, with all of the resulting disorders must be considered in many cases a lack of coordination between swallowing and breathing - the fact that the aerophagus before and during each swallow makes a deep, often audible breath.

The author has observed 3 cases where after epidemic encephalitis periodic attacks of hunger developed. In all cases these attacks were combined with rigid-akinetic syndrome, vegetative disorders and compulsive laughter.

The author studied 1,000 women in labor by performing Wassermann (WaR), Meinicke (MTR) and Sachs-Klopstock (SaKIR) reactions on the ulnar vein blood. At the same time, umbilical cord blood was examined for spirochaetes. The author's main objective was to decide whether a nonspecific reaction is obtained in pregnancy. He detected spirochaetes most often when all three, or at least two, reactions were positive. On the contrary, in none of the cases where only WaR was positive were spirochaetes detected.

The author subjected to a clinical trial a new preparation of salvarsan for intramuscular administration recently released by Rolle, Myosalvarsan. The drug is administered intramuscularly in the sciatic area, the dosage is the same as for neosalvarsan. Thirty-one patients of various ages and stages of syphilis, including some patients with congenital syphilis, were treated with this drug.

This method proposed in 1926 by Aurégan has been used since 1915 by Sonnenberg of Lodz. For this purpose S. uses an ointment of the following composition: Rp. Kalii hypermang. sub. pulv. 7.5, as. salicyl. 1.5, povocaini 3.0, vas. fl. amer. 10,0. S. used this treatment only in cases not very neglected; he did not treat mucous membranes with this method. The treatment ends with the application of boric acid compresses.

The author has received very good results from the use of Ratania ointment for various ulcerative processes: shin ulcers, burn ulcers, soft chancre ulcers, etc.

Studying experimentally on rats and clinically on children with fungal skin diseases the effect of thallii acetici, the author comes to the following conclusions: 1) thallium aceticum when used for a long time in rats causes a temporary inhibitory effect on the endocrine system (temporary growth retardation, skeletal bone changes, decreased sexual function, development of cataracts); 2) being used as an epilation agent in fungal diseases in children aged 1-14 years in a dose of 0.008 pro kilo (a single reception per os), it causes complete hair removal after 2 weeks of administration; 3) new hair growth starts after that in 4-6 weeks; 4) no side effects are observed during the year after that; 5) Thallium aceticum as an epilation drug has several advantages in comparison with X-rays.

The authors set out to find out the sufficiency or insufficiency of genital gland function in ozenema, using the Maneulov reaction for this purpose. The material of the authors embraced 34 patients, of whom 27 were women and 7 were men.

The author cites a case of a severe form of n. trigemini neuralgia cured by a radical operation performed on the left Gighmor's sinus. In the cavity of the latter a cystic rebirth of the mucous membrane was found, and pus was found. The disease of the sinus, which caused a severe form of trigeminal neuralgia that could not be treated by any therapy, did not manifest itself clinically with any nasal symptoms.

The author examined the blood of 106 patients suffering from maxillary sinusitis, and in 12.26% he could detect neutrophilia with hyporegenerative shift of the nucleus, in 37.74% - lymphocytosis, in 34.91% - eosinophilic-lymphocytic pattern, and only in 16 cases no sharp deviations from the norm in blood morphology were found.

Nowadays, physiotherapy is becoming, as Prof. Brushtein correctly says, the center of therapy for all specialties of medicine; it is a common therapy for all of them. Therefore, it is imperative that in our medical literature there should appear a complete, covering all specialties of medicine, a desk reference book for physicians on physiotherapy, understanding the latter in the broadest sense of the word. Such a plan, with full coverage of general and private physiotherapy, was outlined by Prof. Brushtein and his seven co-authors.

Köhler's work, well-known to radiologists, is a veritable treasure trove of radiodiagnostics, and is now in its 5th revised and expanded edition. Even now the author has not given his book the character of a textbook, it is rather an excellent, accurate reference book based on the wealth of material of the Wiesbaden X-ray Diagnostician. This, however, is not the end of its importance, for the book is, at the same time, an inspiration for a number of scientific studies, for it covers all the most interesting questions of radiodiagnostics.

P. A. Badiul, A. M. Miropolskaya and M. P. Andreev: Synkinesiasis in healthy people in connection with motor endowment and body types. The authors investigated commonwealth movements in young healthy people of the same age (in Red Army men) in connection with motor endowment and physique. For this purpose they used a graphic record of synkinesia according to the method of Dr. I. I. Rusetsky (To the question of commonwealth movements. 1925). The degree of severity of synkinesia was evaluated according to a five-point system. Motor endowment was investigated by 14 tests borrowed from Dr. Ozeretskiy's metrical scala.

Dr. M. I. Oyfebach: Tbc of the gingiva treated with ultraviolet rays. He also demonstrated a patient with extensive tbc lesions of the tongue, lips and gums.-In the debate, Dr. Zakharov cited 3 cases of tbc lesions of the mucosa of the soft palate and one case of the hard palate, the latter complicated by perforation. Dr. Kulagin mentioned one case of soft palate tbc, where Cosch bacilli were found in a smear. Prof. Goryaev, being interested in reaction of the organism to application of radiation energy in these patients, recommended to use detailed blood tests (gemogram) and sedimentation reaction before and during treatment for verification.

At the meeting of the Medical Faculty of the Kazan University on 11/V, Dr. M. P. Andreev, after reading his second trial lecture, was deemed worthy of the title of privat-docent of psychiatry. For his course Dr. A. assumes to choose mental diseases of childhood.

16) a) What is the maximum dose of novocaine or hydrochloric acid cocaine considered for infiltration or regional anesthesia?
b) What concentration of these solutions is recommended for laparotomies, herniotomies, and rectal surgeries?
c) What is better to add to novocaine to enhance its effect: sol. adre- nalini, C. sulfuricum, or Na bicarbonicum, and in what quantity?
d) Have any harmful effects been observed from the administration of 72% novocaine solution or hydrochloric acid cocaine in an amount of 150.0-200.0, and how often?
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