Vol 52, No 2 (1971)

The literature on the pathogenesis of primary glaucoma is extremely extensive, and there are a wide variety of, often totally conflicting, views. A wealth of evidence has accumulated describing the general state of the body in glaucoma patients and the local changes in the eye. The individual parts of the pathogenesis of the glaucomatous process, especially of closed angle glaucoma, have been studied in detail. However, there is currently no general theory of pathogenesis that satisfactorily explains all of the above key facts. Below we present a concept which we have reported and discussed at the joint meeting of the Problem Commission for Ophthalmology of the RSFSR Ministry of Health and the Scientific Council of the Moscow Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases in May 1970.

The activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which increases heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand, is now considered to be of great importance in the onset of angina attacks. The sympathetic nervous system activates cells through its mediators, whose interaction with cell receptors results in a specific response.

Circulatory insufficiency continues to be a major problem in cardiology. Its severity and the ability to compensate for impaired cardiac function in patients with cardiac defects not only determine whether these patients return to work, but also their vitality.

Direct blood transfusions are becoming increasingly popular in the treatment of patients with blood pathologies, and their clinical efficacy is being investigated predominantly. The indications in the literature on the hemostatic effect of direct blood transfusions in leukemia patients in most cases are not confirmed by laboratory examination of the blood coagulation system; only sporadic studies present changes in individual parameters of haemocoagulation after transfusions. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive study of coagulological shifts following direct blood transfusions in 34 leukemia patients.

One of the most commonly used and effective antibiotics is penicillin. However, this antibiotic, when administered normally (intramuscularly) and circulating in sufficient concentrations in the blood, does not penetrate into the lung tissue and especially into the lumen of the bronchi.

A certain amount of under-oxidised products, constantly excreted through the kidneys, circulate in the blood even in practically healthy persons. In chronic suppuration both in the tissues and in the blood under-oxidised products accumulate in quantities exceeding their normal content. With increasing severity of the pathological process in the body is formed even more unoxidized products of metabolism, which inhibit the normal activities of cells and tissues.

An idea of goitre vascularisation is gained from the examination and palpation of the thyroid gland. In diffuse toxic goiter the vessels are sometimes so developed that the pulsation of the goiter or of individual tortuous and dilated arterial trunks can be clearly detected, usually in the branching area of the superior thyroid vessels. In addition to the pulsation, a characteristic trembling or vascular buzzing is palpated in such cases.

Gastric resection, one of the most common operations for gastric and duodenal ulcers, often leads to functional and morphological disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract and to the development of a variety of pathological conditions.

In the traumatology department of the Kuibyshev City Central Hospital. From 1957 to 1966 we treated 156 patients (60 males and 96 females, mean age 51 years) with diaphyseal fractures of humerus (20,1% of all shoulder fractures). There were 5 patients with open fractures and 151 with closed fractures; the left shoulder was injured in 85 and the right shoulder in 71. In 33 patients a shoulder fracture was combined with other severe injuries: 16 with fractures of other bones, 12 with injuries of the radial nerve, and 5 with concussion of the brain.

In the present study, we sought to identify features of the neurological manifestations of the acute period of closed craniocerebral injuries with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Most of the patients examined (92 out of 102) were admitted to the clinic in severe condition. Fifty-five patients were in a state of somnolence and 37 were in a coma of varying degrees. The duration of impairment of consciousness varied and ranged from a few minutes and hours (84 patients) to several days (8 patients).

We examined 116 patients with lumbar osteochondrosis, of whom 31 men and 23 women aged 22 to 72 years had crumpies. In patients with lumbar osteochondrosis with a history of cramps, indications of diseases of the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract are more common than in patients without cramps (the difference is statistically significant).

This report is based on a clinical and instrumental examination of 131 children with rickets (age 3.5 months to 3.5 years).

Maternal hypertension has an adverse effect on foetal development and is one of the most common causes of perinatal mortality in children. The most accessible and accurate indicator of fetal status in utero and during labour is the fetal heart rate. With the introduction of fetal phono-electrocardiography (FECG) into obstetric practice, it has become possible to study the fetal state on the basis of objective assessment of fetal cardiac activity.

We studied the gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland in 19 women aged 22 to 39 years with dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Gonadotropin levels were determined in 24-hour urine samples (305 studies) daily or every other day for 4-5 weeks according to the method of Decanski (1949) modified by G. С. Stepanov (1961). The control group consisted of 3 healthy women aged 29-30 years in whom urinary gonadotropin excretion was determined daily during one normal menstrual cycle (92 tests). For the final determination of gonadotropins, the mouse-uterine technique of Levin-Tindal (1937) was used.

We studied estrogen content by the fractional method according to Brown et al, which allows detecting small amounts of estrogen, in 34 patients with stage I-II uterine cancer. Fourteen women (age 50 to 72 years, mean age 59.5 years, all menopausal from 2 to 25 years) had uterine corpus cancer, and 20 (age 33 to 58 years, mean age 48 years) had cervical cancer. Six of them had preserved menstrual function (mean age, 40 years), six had menopause (mean age, 49 years) and eight had been in menopause for 2-11 years (mean age, 53 years).

Circulatory disorders of the spinal cord are more common than commonly thought and in recent years have attracted increasing research attention. It can be caused by degenerative-dystrophic changes in the intervertebral discs and vertebrae, pathologies of the aorta and spinal cord vessels, and changes in the tissue surrounding the spinal cord vessels.

Application of photocoagulation for treatment of a number of eye diseases aroused keen interest among ophthalmologists. There are no works in literature, which sufficiently reflect changes of temperature regime during irradiation of normal eye and pathological processes in it. We studied temperature of different parts of eyeball in 20 mature grey rabbits (40 eyes) under retinal photocoagulation and optical iris photocoagulation.

Traumatic osteomyelitis in mandibular fractures occurs in 11-33% according to various authors. To prevent suppuration in the bone wound and the occurrence of traumatic osteomyelitis in mandibular fractures, we have been using crystalline lyophilised preparations of trypsin and chymotrypsin since 1968. 10 mg of the preparation was dissolved in 4 ml of physiological solution and administered intramuscularly 5 mg (2 ml of solution 2 times a day).

Fibrinolysis is the cleavage of fibrin by plasmin. The body's fibrinolytic system is regulated through complex reactions involving activating, activating and inhibitory substances. One way of increasing fibrinolytic activity is by introducing plasmin into the blood. In recent years its preparations under the name "fibrinolysin" have been obtained and found their application in clinical practice. No less important is the introduction of plasminogen activators - urokinase, lipopolysaccharides of bacterial origin and streptokinase. A special place in the medical arsenal is occupied by streptokinase for thrombosis.

We surveyed 179 workers who had long-term occupational contact with toluene, alcohol, ether and acetone. The work experience ranged from 2 to 30 years or more. Workers who had or have a past or present illness with clear vegetative dysfunction were excluded from the study. Such diseases include cranial trauma, neuroinfections, chronic infectious processes, and thyrotoxicosis.

The most promising of synthetic rubbers is isoprene rubber, which is identical to natural rubber in terms of the set of properties and structure. Although its production is mechanised and automated, various chemicals are periodically emitted into the air in low concentrations, of which dimethyl dioxane, formaldehyde, isoprene and isobutylene play the leading role. All of these substances have, to a greater or lesser extent, general toxic and irritant properties.

Good posture in pre-school and school-age children cannot be detached from concern for their health and physical development. Normal posture disorders begin at an early age. They can develop when a child is carried on one arm, when they sleep on one side, when furniture is not the right size for the child's height, inappropriate physical education, general hypotonia, rickets, chronic lung disease, etc.

The authors of this monograph aim to help doctors avoid errors in practice. In addition to "no fault" errors, there are those that are due to a lack of knowledge of the subject or a negligent attitude towards professional duties.

All the speakers spoke about the difficulties of diagnosis, stressing that early diagnosis determines the treatment tactics, course and outcome of the disease. A. I. Nesterov (Moscow) noted that the diagnosis of rheumatism is usually made at the stage of the disease, when the pathological process has overcome the adaptive reserves and the disease has received clinical expression. He recommends to carefully study the infectious history, minimal manifestations of the disease at sub-extreme influences on the patient's body, using immunological and biochemical reactions in dynamics, cardiovascular syndrome.