Kazan medical journal

Background: Using common and rare molecular genetic markers, genetic risk scores for ischemic heart disease are being developed, and their associations with the severity of atherosclerosis, levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and nonHDL cholesterol are being studied.

Aim: To analyze nucleotide sequence variants in genes associated with metabolic processes, depending on the presence of unstable atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries of patients with and without abdominal obesity.

Methods: The study included 42 men aged 42–69 years (mean age 55.74 ± 5.85 years) with coronary atherosclerosis, either with or without abdominal obesity (22 patients without obesity and 17 with obesity). Wholeexome sequencing was performed using standard kits. Normality testing for variable distribution was performed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Data for categorical variables are presented as absolute and relative values—n (%), for continuous variables—as Me (25; 75), where Me is the median, 25th and 75th percentiles (1st and 3rd quartiles).

Results: Patients with coronary atherosclerosis and abdominal obesity were found to have rare variants with a minor allele frequency ≤0.001 (dbGaP) in the ADIPOQ (rs76533408) and APLNR (rs199589565, rs150922621) genes. Patients with coronary atherosclerosis, abdominal obesity, and unstable atherosclerotic plaques were found to have a rare variant rs190996557 in the CCL2 gene. A number of genetic variants associated with an increased risk of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease were identified in patients with coronary atherosclerosis and overweight. The rs4994 variant (G = 0.07) in the ADRB3 gene, associated with decreased hormone-sensitive lipase expression and an increased risk of developing obesity and ischemic heart disease, was identified. The rs3745368 variant of the RETN gene (A = 0.04) was associated with a predisposition to type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and insulin resistance. The rs696217 variant of the GHRL gene (T = 0.08) was associated with the risk of developing obesity.

Conclusion: Rare genetic variants in the ADIPOQ (rs76533408), APLNR (rs199589565, rs150922621) and CCL2 (rs190996557) genes were identified in patients with coronary atherosclerosis and abdominal obesity.

Background: Zoosocial interaction (ZSI), which possesses high predictive validity, phenomenological similarity to human depression, and similar pathophysiological mechanisms, allows for detailed characterization of the antidepressant effect of new compounds.

Aim: To study the effect of 5-bromo-2-(thietan-3-yl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (compound 5BTDT) on rat behavior in the ZSI model.

Methods: The ZSI model was reproduced in outbred white rats (n = 24), divided into four groups: vehicle, compound 5BTDT, stress, and stress + compound 5BTDT. The model was established through daily intermale confrontations between intruders and residents (from day 0 to day +5). Compound 5BTDT was administered intraperitoneally for 7 days at 8.5 mg/kg/day. The effect of the compound on intruder behavior was assessed during a 10minute interaction with residents (from day 0 to day +5), as well as in the forced swimming test (day +5), open field test, and elevated plus maze (day +6). Additionally, body weight, food consumption (from day –1 to day +6), and internal organ weights (at autopsy, day +6) were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using R software version 3.5.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Austria). Effect size was estimated as a percentage relative to the reference group or baseline. The Wilcoxon test (for dependent and independent samples) was used for comparisons; results are presented as V or W statistics and p-values.

Results: Compound 5BTDT exhibited antidepressant activity, significantly reducing the duration of immobilization in the forced swimming test in intact rats (by 55.2% ; W = 31; p = 0.045). In stressed animals, a decrease in this parameter by 46.4% was observed (W = 24; p = 0.336). The compound also counteracted ZSIinduced behavioral changes in intruders, increasing active control over the social environment: it increased the proportion of defensive behavior (by 7.3% ; V = 1; p = 0.045) and social interaction (by 0.8%; due to an increase in fighting by 0.5%; V = 6; p = 0.065), and also reduced the intensity of social investigation (by 6.1%; V = 1; p = 0.066). Behavior in the elevated plus maze and open field tests, as well as body weight gain in stressed and intact rats following administration of compound 5BTDT, did not change. The compound prevented ZSIinduced thymus atrophy.

Conclusion: Under conditions of intermale confrontations, compound 5BTDT exerts an antidepressant effect and contributes to the correction of intruder behavioral responses to stress exposure.

The blood–brain barrier is a highly selective morphofunctional structure that maintains central nervous system homeostasis and protects it from toxic and foreign substances in the systemic circulation. At the same time, the blood–brain barrier remains a major obstacle to effective pharmacotherapy of central nervous system diseases, as most drugs are unable to cross it.

This review discusses current approaches to overcoming the blood–brain barrier, which rely on endogenous transport systems such as adsorptive transcytosis and receptor- or carrier-mediated transcytosis, as well as advanced nano- and biotechnologies. Of particular interest are promising strategies such as modification of therapeutic molecules with cell-penetrating peptides, the use of exosomes and biomimetic nanoplatforms, and cell-mediated delivery of biologically active molecules using autologous leukocytes as “Trojan horses.”

Methods for transient disruption of blood–brain barrier integrity (e.g., osmotic modulation and focused ultrasound) and alternative delivery routes, such as intranasal administration providing direct access to the brain via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, are discussed separately.

It is emphasized that successful therapy of central nervous system diseases is not possible without safe, effective, and targeted delivery systems capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier without compromising its protective function. Recent advances in molecular and cellular biology, nanomedicine, and genetic engineering open new horizons for personalized therapeutic approaches aimed at effective traversal of the blood–brain barrier.

In the context of an aging population, the number of older and elderly patients requiring pancreatoduodenectomy is growing. Chronological age is not a reliable predictor of outcomes, whereas frailty syndrome, reflecting biological age, serves as a key risk factor for postoperative complications and adverse outcomes. Frailty, defined as a state of reduced physiological reserves, is a powerful independent predictor of postoperative outcomes. It is associated with a marked increase in the risk of 30day mortality (by 1.5–2.5 times), the overall frequency, and development of serious complications, including those specific to pancreaticobiliary surgery. Frail patients have longer hospital stays and are significantly more likely to require discharge to rehabilitation facilities. In the long term, frailty negatively impacts overall survival, increases the risks of functional complications and deterioration in quality of life, and also reduces the likelihood of receiving adjuvant cancer therapy.

Various instruments are used to assess frailty (Fried phenotype, modified frailty index, clinical frailty scale); their integration into preoperative evaluation allows for improved risk stratification. Optimization strategies aimed at correcting identified deficits include preoperative prehabilitation (a combination of physical training, nutritional support, and psychological support), implementation of enhanced recovery protocols, multimodal analgesia, and multidisciplinary management involving a geriatrician and an intensivist. For patients over 80 years of age, the decision to proceed with surgery should be based not on chronological age but on a comprehensive assessment of biological age, functional reserves, and the feasibility of adjuvant therapy.

Routine frailty assessment and subsequent targeted, multistep optimization of patient management within a multidisciplinary approach are essential prerequisites for improving the safety and outcomes of pancreatoduodenectomy in older patients.

The growing number of missing persons in natural disasters and armed conflicts underscores the relevance of this topic. To expedite personal identification, it is necessary to narrow the pool of potential individuals. Determining the biological age of victims using the dental formula can assist in this process. However, discrepancies and contradictions exist in the scientific literature regarding the timing of eruption of primary teeth. According to some authors, this timing depends on multiple factors: prematurity, maternal tobacco exposure during pregnancy, birth weight, feeding method, family socioeconomic status, geographic location, and ethnicity. Additionally, sex differences, birth length, nutritional status, congenital maxillofacial anomalies, and systemic and viral diseases have been reported to influence eruption timing.

Divergent expert opinions on influencing factors, along with the lack of information in literary sources about possible evolutionary changes over the past century, necessitated this work.

This work aimed to study the chronology of primary tooth eruption from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day.

An analysis was conducted using data from the information and analytical systems PubMed, eLibrary.Ru, and Google Scholar with the keywords: “biological age,” “age identification,” “primary dentition,” and “timing of eruption.”

The observed variations in primary tooth eruption timing may indicate long-term evolutionary adaptations of populations to specific environmental conditions in different geographic zones. The most pronounced differences are observed between continental groups, with differences reaching up to six months for individual teeth, which corresponds to the concept of clinal variability, reflecting gradual changes in genetic and phenotypic traits along a geographic gradient.

Some researchers report substantial differences in primary tooth eruption timing between world regions (North America, Asia, Europe, and South America), which are attributed to environmental factors or characteristics of intrauterine development. However, our statistical analysis using Pearson chi-squared test did not reveal significant differences in the presented data.

Oral diseases and cardiovascular disease are interrelated chronic conditions that are widely prevalent and have serious consequences for the economy and health, considerably reducing patients’ quality of life. Modern research indicates a close connection between hypertension and oral diseases, particularly periodontitis.

Hypertension and its complications are among the main medical conditions that prompt dentists to refer patients to other specialists, sometimes requiring postponement or cancellation of dental procedures. Insufficient awareness among dentists about the timely and optimal management of patients with elevated blood pressure, along with a lack of attention to preventive measures, can lead to delays in treatment and, in some cases, to irreversible complications. This underscores the critical importance of dentists having the necessary knowledge about hypertension, as well as skills in providing emergency care to such patients.

In this regard, special attention should be paid to dentists’ awareness of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including elevated blood pressure. This article analyzes current data on dentists’ awareness of the interrelationship between oral diseases and hypertension. It presents the results of scientific research emphasizing the need to foster cardiovascular awareness in dental practice.

Monolayer two-dimensional in vitro cell culture systems are unable to fully mimic the native tissue microenvironment, which limits their prognostic value. Threedimensional (3D) culture systems overcome these limitations, ensuring the reproduction of intercellular interactions and tissue architecture characteristic of in vivo models. The most common 3D cell constructs are 3D spheroid models and organoids, the preservation of gene expression in which makes them valuable tools for preclinical research.

This work aimed to review the scientific publications on the generation and application of 3D cell cultures in urology and urologic oncology. Analysis of recent publications demonstrates a wide range of applications of these technologies. This review demonstrates that in urologic oncology, patientderived bladder cancer organoids reproduce the molecular profile of tumors, allowing them to be used for testing chemotherapeutic drugs and assessing the cytotoxic activity of T cells. For prostate cancer, 3D cultures are used to evaluate the effectiveness of docetaxel in combination with sildenafil. Kidney cancer organoids reproduce the histological architecture of the original tissues, which facilitates drug screening. In regenerative medicine, 3D spheroid models of bladder smooth muscle cells demonstrate increased deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, which supports their potential for tissue engineering.

Thus, 3D cell technologies open up new opportunities for personalized therapy and the development of bioengineered constructs in urology and urologic oncology.

Background: The dynamics of growth indicators during the transition from school to higher education in male and female adolescents aged 17–18 years remains insufficiently studied.

Aim: To study the physical development of students during the completion of growth processes in the age range of 17–18 years.

Methods: An analysis of physical development indicators (body length and weight) of male and female adolescents aged 17–18 years living in various regions of the Russian Federation was conducted. The study was performed using data obtained from 2021 to 2024 and included in the following databases: “Physical development of children, adolescents, and youth of the Russian Federation in 2021–2023,” “Anthropometric indicators of students aged 7–18 years living in various regions of the Russian Federation,” and “Physical development of children and adolescents aged 7–17 years depending on socio economic factors.” Results were described using the sample mean (M), standard error of the mean (m), and standard deviation (σ). Statistical significance of differences was assessed using Student’s t test (p < 0.05).

Results: Seventeen regions of the Russian Federation were randomly selected; the total sample size was 29,351 individuals. In male adolescents aged 17–18 years, anthropometric indicators continued to increase: a significant increase in mean body length of 1.29 cm (p = 0.027) and a significant increase in mean body weight of 1.86 kg (p = 0.025) were found. In contrast, no significant differences in mean body length or body weight were found in female adolescents, which may indicate that the main growth processes are completed by age 17. A high proportion of regions of the Russian Federation (58.8%) showed significant differences in mean body length in male adolescents, indicating preserved variability in the timing of growth completion and reflecting the existence of “regional scenarios” of physical development.

Conclusion: The results demonstrate persistent heterogeneity in growth processes among male and female adolescents aged 17–18 years across different regions of the Russian Federation.

Background: The Russian Federation is experiencing an increase in the incidence of tumors of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues; however, no unified diagnostic or treatment algorithm has been developed for these conditions.

Aim: To determine effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, as well as criteria for early treatment adaptation, in patients with nonHodgkin lymphomas.

Methods: The medical records of 439 patients with two histological types of nonHodgkin lymphomas who received inpatient treatment and followup at the Republican Clinical Oncology Dispensary of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan over a 10year period were retrospectively reviewed: 386 patients with aggressive lymphoma (diffuse large Bcell lymphoma) and 53 patients with indolent lymphoma (follicular lymphoma). There were 237 patients (54.0%) aged over 60 years and 89 (20.2%) aged over 70 years. A total of 259 patients underwent three positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) scans (primary, interim, and final). Inclusion criteria were: age ≥18 years; no prior treatment for nonHodgkin lymphoma; and a histologically and immunohistochemically confirmed diagnosis. Exclusion criteria were: acute somatic or infectious diseases (including HIV infection) ; severe cognitive impairment; refusal to participate in the study; and residence outside the region. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics and Statistica 10 software. Normality of distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Survival was assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Differences were considered statistically significant at р < 0.05.

Results: Changes in the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on interim PET/CT were shown to be associated with the risk of progression and with overall survival rates, which decreased significantly with increasing disease stage. Assessment of the metabolic response at the interim stage using the Deauville scale demonstrated high prognostic significance: scores of 1–3 identified a group of patients with complete metabolic remission. However, even when a pronounced tumor response was achieved, some patients developed severe cumulative toxicity. Specifically, in a group of 120 patients who continued treatment after the fourth cycle, highgrade febrile neutropenia was recorded in 11 patients (9.2%), and in 10 of these cases (8.3%) it was accompanied by fatal complications due to multiple organ failure.

Conclusion: These findings underscore that in patients who achieve a complete metabolic response but have signs of severe cumulative toxicity, reducing the planned volume of chemotherapy should be considered to improve treatment safety.

This publication is the Russian translation of the Plain Language Summary (PLS) of the Cochrane Systematic Review: Nonino F, Minozzi S, Sambati L, Del Giovane C, Baldin E, Bassi MC, De Santis C, Gonzalez-Lorenzo M, Vignatelli L, Filippini G, Richard E. Amyloid-beta-targeting monoclonal antibodies for people with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2026. Issue 4. Art. No.: CD016297. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD016297