Vol 31, No 2 (1935)

Recent clinical and experimental data show that a number of complex immunobiological processes are developing in both rabbits in experimental syphilis and people with syphilis. However, the nature of these phenomena is still unclear.

In connection with the elimination of unemployment in the Soviet Union and the introduction of universal education, the majority of workers are being recruited from mass schools and the centre of gravity of training is being moved here, so the urgent task of the school is to organise and carry out a wide range of practical career guidance and vocational counselling activities with the aim of rational training for social construction.

Over the last 15 years, the reaction of erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR) has become widely used. Initially used only in gynaecological diseases, it later acquired the right to citizenship for a variety of diseases (heart diseases, genitourinary tract diseases, rheumatism, etc.), but especially for tuberculosis. It is rare that there is a dispensary or sanatorium, let alone an institute, where ESR does not occupy an honourable place among the various research methods, so it is not surprising that the ESR's importance is sufficiently covered in the medical press. Individual articles and even entire monographs are devoted to this issue.

Immunity and allergy in tuberculosis are the subject of a great deal of work in all languages ​​and from a variety of perspectives. And the urgency of these questions for the whole problem of tuberculosis is such that they invariably come forward as soon as at least a private but more or less important fundamental topic is touched upon. A review of the literature shows that most of these issues are written by representatives of theoretical disciplines, but it is interesting to note that the leading concepts in the field of immunity and allergies were created by clinicians — Ranke and Pirke.

Starting with Peyrilhe 1773 ("Le cancer, "cette maladie est aussi difficile à definer qu'a guérir"), that cancer is a disease that is as difficult to determine as to treat, and ending with the opening words of an article by the famous oncologist F. Blumenthal: "Die Frage, was Krebs ist, kann heute ebensowenig beantwortet werden, wie zu Zeiten Virchows"), - that the question about the nature of cancer cannot be answered at this time, as it was at the time of Virchow, - the pessimism about etiology and also cancer therapy still leaves neither doctors nor patients, and largely hinders the broad development of oncology in general, prevention and treatment of cancer in particular.

Vomiting of pregnant women, even light forms of it, cannot, of course, be considered a "physiological" phenomenon, no matter how often it accompanies pregnancy. And other unpleasant phenomena in the onset of pregnancy, such as salivation, nausea, neurosis, etc., also indicate a physiological evasion, and the reason for this evasion has not been fully elucidated until recently.

Chronic encapsulated peritonitis with different names (peritonitis chronica fibrosa incapsulata, peritonitis adhaesiva circumscripta chronica, polyserositis, Zuckergussperitoneum) has been studied particularly hard recently. Such peritonitis was discussed in Russian surgical literature at the 2nd Congress of Russian Surgeons, but only in recent years has the disease become more frequently mentioned in the press and its pathogenesis is being studied more closely. However, even today, due to the relative rarity of observations and the lack of detailed examination of each case, the cause of the disease and its pathological and anatomical substrate remain unclear.

Both according to literature (Stich and Makkas, Tsimkhes, Tikhov, etc.) and in practical life, postoperative peritonitis flows atypically. Diagnosis of spilled peritonitis presents no difficulty and no doubt about it. The symptoms of peritonitis differ, both local and general, from intoxication of the organism (Zimges, Stich, Silberberg, etc.). Local symptoms: pain, sensitivity to pressure, muscle tension of the walls, exudate, paretic state of the intestine, resulting in meteorism, vomiting, hiccups, stool retention and gas exhaust, difficulty urinating. Common symptoms include: change in t°, breathing, pulse and blood pressure.

The problem of blood circulation has not been resolved in its details to date, and the practitioner often has a number of questions at the patient's bedside about the causes and dynamics of swelling, shortness of breath and other signs of cardiovascular decompensation. The latest functional diagnostic methods proposed for studying the dynamics of blood circulation, such as the method for determining the minute blood volume, determining average blood pressure, studying blood gases, determining glutathion, etc., to a large extent open up the veil of the unknown and incomprehensible, but do not explain the whole essence of the process, because the origin of a circulatory disorder can involve a wide variety of moments and factors. The state of blood circulation is caused by the interaction not only of the heart and arteries, but also of veins, capillaries and the entire tissue exchange process.

Primary gallbladder cancer is rare. The patient Nurenberg Anna, 40, a German, was admitted to Davlekanov Hospital on 26/XI 33. She considers herself to be sick from July 1933, when the first time there were not very severe pains in the area of the right subcostal.

The pathology of subdiaphragmatic abscesses has been sufficiently developed in the medical literature, and their symptoms and etiology need further study. The painful symptoms of subdiaphragmatic abscesses are diverse, often unclear and therefore difficult to recognise in some cases; each individual case described deserves attention, as it can bring some clarity to the cause of the disease from various inflammatory processes, nearby or distant abdominal and thoracic cavities.

The Conference of Microbiologists and Epidemiologists, convened in Leningrad in December 1934, is separated from the last Congress, which took place in Moscow in January 1930, by a four-year period. Naturally, after such a long absence of a lively exchange of ideas between employees, interest in the conference should have been very high. And indeed, instead of the 300-350 people expected, about 1000 doctors from microbiologists and epidemiologists took part in the Leningrad conference. The conference programme was extremely busy.

Our Soviet educational literature is extremely poor. For many years, medical schools have used translated books and brochures mainly from German clinics. At the same time, along with classic textbooks, manuals were often put on the market, often in poor translations and not worthy of special attention. Meanwhile, it must be said that our clinical medicine has developed independently over the last 3-4 decades, and we have every right to talk about our own clinical schools.

The beautifully designed publications of the Philadelphia Institute of Anatomy and Biology deal with three fundamental questions. The first three contain the Basel anatomical nomenclature, in which, as is known, out of 50,000 terms, 45,000 were thrown out, and only 5,000 most necessary ones were left.

Laboratory atlas prof. Boyden gives an image of the main developmental stage of a chicken embryo at 36 and 48 hours, as well as a 13.5 mm pig embryo. Here organogeny is located in 10 organ systems.

A study of the pancreas structure in 15 species of Teleostes (bony fish) showed that the misconception that this group of vertebrates has an "atrophic" pancreas was wrong. A. found that the Langernans' islets in the fish studied appear to be rarer than the distribution in humans and dogs.

Alcohol acts as a glycogenolytic agent as the concentration of glucose and lactic acid in the blood rises.

The phenomenon of different reactivity of individual tissues of the same animal in relation to an anaphylactogenic agent deserves more attention, as it is a test case to check the correctness of the latest ideas about the essence of local anaphylaxis.

The author has shown in a series of experiments that the tissue culture method is quite applicable for the study of anaerobic bacteria and their toxins, especially those of them that are significantly weakened by filtration.

The authors have shown that after subcutaneous, intracutaneous and intraperitoneal introduction of diphtheria bacilli, guinea pigs develop real bacteriemia, as the blood and organs (spleen and adrenal glands) of such killed animals manage to separate the pure culture of this microorganism.

The authors used Wright's test and deviation test of complement. Their material embraces 684 serums.

The authors inoculated the guinea pigs intraplantar, in the hind legs. The weight of the animals is 350.0—450.0. For infection, 0.2 cm3 was injected, diluted 10 times and filtered through virus fexe gauze. This method of infection provides the possibility of further application of local treatment.

As there are currently no consonant data on the therapeutic effects of optochine in humans, the authors are trying to find new chemotherapeutic drugs that would be significantly less poisonous than optochine in their activity. A number of quinine preparations have been studied for this purpose, and it has been found that hydroquinine undoubtedly has a significant bactericidal effect on pneumococcus, both in vitro and in prophylactic experience.

A whole arsenal of products has been offered to combat hemoptysis in lung tissue, the number of which proves their relative value. In 34 cases, the author, following the example of Ravin, Benzaken and Vid, injected 300-600 kbc of oxygen under the skin of the sick side of the chest. In 25 cases, the stoppage of hemoptysis was quick and definitive, in 6 cases the oxygen injection had to be repeated several days in a row, in 7 cases the effect was not obtained.

A common reason for misdiagnosing tuberculosis is misinterpretation of subfebrary temperatures. In fact, everyone should know their normal exact temperature. The temperature curve is very individual for each person. The temperature, which in one person is already an expression of a fever, is considered normal in another person.

With parenteral injection of magnes. sulfur, the authors observed a decrease in systolic pressure in 40 and 50 cases of hypertension. The effect was maintained for at least 2 weeks.

Daily or every other day injections of parahormone in 1 ampoule corresponding to 0.1 of a fresh gland gives excellent results even after 2-3 injections both in relation to subjective complaints (pain) and in relation to objective symptoms (decrease in acidity, disappearance of a niche).

The author considers infection to be the cause of the talonavicular synostosis, and the predisposing factors may include syphilis, alcohol and other similar degenerative changes.

The author experimented on rabbits and found that thyroid and testicular extracts, when applied locally, had an accelerating effect on wound healing.

Iodoform is far from being an unnecessary agent in surgery. It strongly promotes the formation of granulations and scarring. Its toxic effect can be avoided if it is used not in powder form, but in large crystals.

The author points out that only (HVRII) hemorrhage in the follicles, in the form of Blutpunkt and (HVRIII) luteinisation of infantile mice are suitable for diagnosing early pregnancy using the Zondek-Aschheim's method.

Based on 100 cases of intrauterine and 36 - ectopic pregnancies, established by using the Zondek-Aschheim'a reaction, the author came to the conclusion that it is possible to distinguish an intrauterine pregnancy from an ectopic one.

At the University Obstetrics Clinic in Innsbruck (Austria), 100 women who had an abortion at the clinic between 1927 and 1932 were examined for gynaecology. A significant number of painful events were found to have occurred in connection with previous abortions.

Child mortality is an indicator of the social health of a country's population. In this respect, it is very significant in Greece, where the mortality rate of children under 1 year of age per 100 births is increasing year by year.

In his work, the author gives a detailed description of the anatomical and histological examination of the temporal bones in two cases of otosclerosis. He points out that the size of the changes in the bones has little to do with the duration of the disease.

Tuberculous mastoiditis is a secondary disease and is more common than described in the literature.

Prof. IF Kozlov made a report entitled: "On the issue of toxicosis in ectopic pregnancy." Assoc. E. D. Ruzsky demonstrated a patient operated by him with fibroids of the sleeve combined with edematous fibroids of the perineum. Prof. V.S.Gruzdev, according to the proposal of NKZ'va TR, brought up for discussion in the section a question regarding the designation of newborns in obstetric clinics and maternity hospitals.

Demonstrations: Dr. PA Gulevich. — On the casuistry of rare forms of intussusception. Dr. Baibekova. — On the casuistry of perforated appendicitis in children. Reports: Prof. V. A. Gusynin. — Preservation of skin flaps for lacerated and bruised wounds. Dr. S.М. Koldaev. (Astrakhan). - Secondary treatment of wounds by scraping and their subsequent blind suture with minor industrial injury.

On December 19, in Moscow, early in the morning, the well-known sanitary statistician, at the age of 76, P.I. Kurkin, unexpectedly died of cerebral hemorrhage.

In December, a meeting of the Organizing Bureau was held in Leningrad to convene the VII All-Russian Congress of Roentgenologists and Radiologists. The chairmen of the societies and sections of radiologists are entrusted with the functions of preparing for the congress, which will take place in early July in Leningrad. 23 / VII-27 / VII 1935 in London will be held an international medical congress on life insurance.

Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) with the aim of further improving the health care, raising the material resources of doctors and other health care workers and encouraging the most qualified among them.