Vol 76, No 2 (1995)

In solving the most important problems of protecting and strengthening the health of the population, postgraduate training of doctors plays an important role, which completes the process of the final formation of a specialist doctor. The main structures in the country that provide postgraduate training for doctors are state institutes and faculties for the improvement of doctors of medical universities, among which one of the leading places belongs to the Kazan GIDUV.

The drug mebicar, which gave rise to a new class of chemicals with psychotropic activity - derivatives of bicyclic bisureas, has been experimentally studied for more than 20 years, and clinical experience with its use has been accumulating since 1979. During this short time on the scale of pharmacology, experimental substantiation and clinical confirmation of its effectiveness have been obtained in a number of ways. new indications in various fields of medicine: psychiatry, narcology, cardiology, anesthesiology, neuropathology, gynecology, gerontology, dentistry, sports medicine, etc. The versatility of the therapeutic effects of the drug has created a precedent that attracts the attention of specialists. The question arises about the fundamental possibility of such a variety of therapeutic activity of the drug and the mechanisms for its implementation.

On the vast territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, 4 large rivers of the European part of Russia flow: Volga, Kama, Belaya, Vyatka with their numerous tributaries. They are inhabited by an abundant flora of cyprinid fish species, which serve as a source of infection with opisthorchiasis, pseudomphistomiasis and metorchiasis. For the first time, opisthorchiasis in the republic was registered by us in 1957 (in Laishevsky, Kuibyshevsky, Rybno-Slobodsky, Alekseevsky, Kamsko-Ustyinsky, Yelabuga, Aktanyshsky, Zelenodolsky, Tetyushsky and Mamadyshsky districts).

Peptic ulcer (PU) of the stomach (PU) and duodenum (DU) remains an urgent medical, biological and social problem today. In reality, there are relative and absolute increases in incidence. The relative increase is explained by improved diagnostics. According to the gastroenterological hospitals of Tatarstan, the number of endoscopically confirmed diagnoses of PU is almost 2 times higher than the number of clinical and radiological findings. The absolute growth is alarming, which is largely facilitated by the “social tension syndrome” as a companion of the political and economic crises.

Cor pulmonale refers to hypertrophy and (or) dilatation of the right ventricle due to diseases that affect the structure or function of the lungs, or both at the same time. Chronic cor pulmonale occurs with lesions of the bronchopulmonary system (chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pulmonary emphysema, pulmonary tuberculosis, etc.), impaired mobility of the chest (kyphoscoliosis, Bechterew's disease, pleural folds, obesity, etc.) and diseases of the pulmonary artery system (repeated thromboembolism, primary pulmonary hypertension, lung resection, etc.). Right ventricular hypertrophy and insufficiency also occur with secondary changes in the lungs in patients with diseases of the left heart (cardiosclerosis of various etiologies, mitral stenosis) and congenital heart defects, but these cases do not apply to cor pulmonale. Most often, cor pulmonale develops in diseases of the bronchopulmonary system.

Despite significant advances in diagnosis, as well as in the development and introduction into clinical practice of a wide range of new pharmacological drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma, the incidence and mortality from this common lung pathology has been steadily increasing in recent decades. In developed countries, bronchial asthma affects up to 6% of the population; recent epidemiological studies conducted in Moscow revealed a comparable incidence rate [1].

Bleeding in obstetric practice occurs in 5-15% of cases. They are observed during pregnancy, childbirth and in the postpartum period, accounting for 20-25% of the causes of maternal death.

The problem of treating allergic diseases of the respiratory organs (respiratory allergosis - RA) remains difficult and far from being solved, as evidenced by their "rejuvenation": the onset of the disease at an early age, an increase in the prevalence and severity of the course, the frequent formation of forms resistant to basic therapy and frequent "fouling » complications in the form of side effects of sympathomimetics, corticosteroid hormones, drug allergies, which makes the treatment of children even more difficult. The change in the clinical course of RA is due to many reasons. These are general social factors (environmental imbalance, an increase in the range of allergens that affect, poor nutrition, etc.), and not always adequate therapy for patients. Patients, as a rule, are limited to symptomatic treatment aimed at stopping acute allergic symptoms, which gives a short-term effect and does not prevent their relapse; very rarely, specific therapy with etiologically significant allergens is used. At the same time, respiratory allergies, which in most cases occur in a chronic form, require the use of systematic complex and staged therapy, which ensures a long-term stable remission of the disease.

This article is devoted to the neurophysiology of individual links of the neuromotor circuit of the respiratory system, which includes the respiratory muscles with the receptor apparatus, afferent pathways, spinal and suprasegmental centers of the respiratory muscles, as well as their efferent pathways. There are two types of mechanoreceptors in respiratory muscles: muscle and tendon spindles [2]. The main quantities measured by muscle receptors (spindles and tendon organs) are changes in length and tension that occur when a muscle is stretched and contracted.

Chronic inflammatory periodontal diseases - chronic catarrhal gingivitis and generalized periodontitis - have the largest share in the structure of periodontal tissue lesions. Starting imperceptibly, with mild superficial inflammatory phenomena, they lead to the destruction of the supporting apparatus of the teeth and to pronounced functional disorders of the dentition. In addition, focal activity of inflammatory periodontal pathology is high.

The complexity of eliminating attacks of tachyarrhythmias (PTA) is due to their diversity, the difficulty of differential diagnosis and, finally, the individual response of the patient to the antiarrhythmic drug - a reaction that cannot be predicted. Currently, many different drugs are used to relieve PTA attacks, but the ideal remedy that can help with all heart rhythm disturbances without causing complications has not yet been created.

Diphtheria is an acute airborne bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphteriae. It affects both children and adults and is manifested by an infectious-toxic syndrome, as well as fibrinous inflammation at the site of the pathogen, more often in the oropharynx.

The most common cause of death in children in the first days of life is asphyxia (in 5-7% of newborns), which is preceded by intrauterine hypoxia (in 70-80 fetuses). Thus, a significant number of newborns require resuscitation.

Training of qualified radiation diagnosticians, their improvement is a complex and multifaceted task. Taking into account the peculiarities of the specialty, it is quite obvious that the successful training of personnel of radiation diagnosticians depends on the equipment of departments, basic medical institutions and on the high professionalism of the teaching staff.

In modern conditions, the problem of purulent-inflammatory diseases (PID) caused by opportunistic microorganisms is one of the most urgent in medical science and healthcare practice due to their wide distribution in medical institutions (HCIs) of any profile. The increasing importance of nosocomial infections in various countries is evidenced by the work of domestic and foreign authors. Thus, in different regions of the world, nosocomial HL are found in 5–17% of hospitalized patients [3]. In our country, they are especially often observed in obstetric and surgical departments, where their localized forms are a common cause of sepsis [2, 4].

December 25, 1994 marked the 70th anniversary of birth and 47 years of scientific, pedagogical and social activities of a prominent representative of the Kazan pathophysiological school, Honored Scientist of Tatarstan, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Tatyana Borisovna Tolpegina. After graduating from the Kazan Medical Institute in 1947, T. B. Tolpegina completed her postgraduate studies at the Department of Pathological Physiology under prof. A. D. Ado and in 1952 defended her thesis on the topic "On the pathogenesis of bradycardia in typhoid fever." From 1954 to 1956, she was sent by the Ministry of Health of the USSR to work at the Mongolian University as the head of the Department of Physiology. The subsequent years of work as an assistant and associate professor at the Department of Pathophysiology of the Kazan Medical Institute ended in 1967 with the defense of a doctoral dissertation on the topic “Some mechanisms of an allergic reaction of the gallbladder”.