Vol 27, No 4-5 (1931)



In memoriam А. Samojloff
Abstract
Die Einladung der Redaktion, einen Beitrag zur Gedächtnisnummer für Samojloff zu geben, bestätigt leider die mir auf Umwegen zuge kommene Nachricht von seinem Tode, der mich mit aufrichtigem Schmerz erfüllt. Es ist nicht meines Amtes, die wissenschaftliche Bedeutung des Toten zu würdigen; sicher gehört er zu den Klassikern der Physiologie. Die Schönheit seiner Arbeiten, die Klarheit und Sorgfalt seiner Darstel lung, die Schönheit seiner graphischen Aufnahmen und die vornehme Art seiner Kritik erschienen mir von jeher als anzustrebendes Ziel. Aus sei nen Arbeiten leuchtet uns die reine Freude am wissenschaftlichen Arbei ten entgegen und man gewinnt die Überzeugung, dass es ihm immer um die Sache, nie um den Effekt zu tun war.



A. F. Samoilov's research activity
Abstract
I do not set myself the task of giving an exhaustive overview of all the extensive multilateral scientific activities of the late A. F. Samoilov. And it is impossible to do it now, at his fresh grave, when you are under the charm of his ebullient and exciting work, which he has been deploying with such success lately, about which he reported so fascinatingly 2 months before his unexpected death at the IV All-Union Congress of Physiologists, outlining tempting prospects for electrophysiological research in the field of the central nervous system. I will confine myself to the most general overview of his research in the field of neuromuscular physiology, where his main scientific work took place.



Mechanicism and idealism in the philosophical works of Prof. A. F. Samoilov
Abstract
There are people who, by their figure, the direction of their creativity, are characteristic of a particular epoch in the history of science. In them, as if in a crystallized form, the achievements and successes of science in a given period are combined, and they also contain all the shortcomings and misconceptions of their time. Such figures are usually big people and big names who have left a mark in the field of science. Undoubtedly, the late A. F. Samoilov also belongs to such people.



Spontanean Activity of nervous Cells
Abstract
The electric changes which occur in living cells have been asso ciated with some of the most distinguished names in physiology and in the last fifteen years we have lost four workers in this field all of whom have made outstanding contributions to their subject. They are, in the order of their loss, Keith Lucas, Garten, Einthoven and now Samojlow. These four may be fitly grouped together because their technique, their published records and their method of attack on their problems shows throughout a quality all too rare in scientific work, a quality which is best described as „elegance“. Photographs fof the mo ving lights and shadows which record an action current may be ugly and unsatisfying or they may be well arranged and clear, exact demon strations of the point which their author wishes to bring out—satis fying both intellectually and aesthetically. No one who studies the re cords of these men can doubt that they had some of the qualities of the artist as well as those of the scientist and so their work is not only convincing but beautiful as well.



Die eigentliche Grösse der elektromotorischen Kraft des Verletzungsstromes beim Nerven
Abstract
Als ich zum letzten Mal mit A. Samojloff sprach, war es an lässlich des Bostoner internationalen Physiologenkongresses. Ich kannte den von mir hochgeschätzten Kollegen durch viele Jahre, und die Gele genheit, mich mit ihm wissenschaftlich unterhalten zu können, war mir stets ungemein wertvoll. Bei dieser letzten Zusammenkunft fragte ich ihn, ob er meine Studien über die Bestimmung der Fortpflanzungsgeschwin digkeit im Nerven auf Grund von Vorgängen aJein an der erregten Stelle gelesen habe, speziell meinen letzten diesbezüglichen Artikel im Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie, und fügte hinzu, dass mir seine Meinung wertvoller sei als die manches anderen Kollegen. S a- mojloff gab mir lächelnd zur Antwort, dass er meine Ausführungen wohl gesehen aber nicht studiert habe. Letzteres würde er nicht eher tun, als bis ich es für alle Physiologen leichter machen würde, meinen Darlegungen zu folgen. Im übrigen wollten wir die Angelegenheit disku tieren, falls er auf dem Rückweg von Boston Berlin berühren oder sonst gelegentlich dorthin kommen würde. Die Ausführung dieser Absicht ist leider durch das Schicksal für immer unmöglich gemacht; doch gern komme ich der Aufforderung nach, zu Samojloffs Gedächtnis eine kleine wissenschaftliche Arbeit zu schreiben, und es ist mir dabei ein Vergnügen, an eine frühere Abhandlung des Verstorbenen anknüpfen zu können. Diese führt den Titel: Ueber die eigentliche elektromotorische Kraft des muskulären Demarkationsstromes (Aus dem Physiologischen Institut der Universität Königsberg) (unter Hermanns Leitung1) und ist im Jahre 1899 erscheinen. In dieser Arbeit sind auch einige Versuche am Nerven erwähnt, obschon Samojloff im, wesentlichen nur ver suchte, über den Muskel ins Klare zu kommen.









Zur Patho-Physiologie des Gefässendothels
Abstract
Das Endothel der Blut-und Lymphgefässe besitzt im frühen fötalen Leben die vollen Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten des übrigen embryonalen Mesenchyms. Im Laufe der Ontogenese wird diese Multipotenz der Ge fässwandzellen indessen immer mehr beschränkt; es folgt hier, wie im übrigen Mesenchym, allmählich eine Differenzierung und Spezialisierung in verschiedenen Richtungen.



Electrocardiography of 10000 Patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1914 to 1931
Abstract
Professor S amojlow’s keen interest in electrocardiography and his contributions in this field have made us feel that he would have been pleased to have a record of our own practical experience in the use of the electrocardiograph in the Cardiac Clinic at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Hence we are sending herewith in memory of Professor Samojlow a survey of our electrocardiographic findings during the last 16 years (1914—1931) ever since the installation of Einthoven’s string galvanometer in our laboratory. On several occasions during the past few years Professor Samojlow himself has visited this laboratory and has shown an interest in our records. We realize that in his death we have lost a personal friend and a helpful as sociate.






On the mechanism of the vasodilatatory effect of stimulation of the antidromic nerves
Abstract
Blood, taken from the vein of the hind leg during stimulation of the posterior roots of the last two lumbalic and the first sacral nerves gives a marked dilatating effect on the blood-vessels of an isolated rabbit ear; when perfusing the ear the blood was diluted 1:100 with Ringer-solution.



On the effect of the frog's cardiac nerves on the resting current of the ob-moved ventricle
Abstract
If you irritate the motor nerve, which carries excitation to a locally damaged skeletal muscle, then, as is known, its resting current decreases; a negative oscillation of the resting current occurs. The situation is different when the inhibitory nerve of the heart is irritated. In this case, Gaskell received an increase in the quiescent current. His classic experiment was conducted on the atria of the turtle heart, which are in a state of prolonged arrest. The latter circumstance is very important, since by itself stopping 1) or even slowing down the rhythm of cardiac contractions already changes the magnitude of the resting current. Gaskell achieved a prolonged stop of the atria by making an incision between the sinus and the atria, while sparing the connective tissue cord that runs along the posterior surface of the heart and contains the cardiac branch of the vagus nerve among the vessels. Thus, the atria, deprived of the sinus pulse, naturally retain a connection with the vagus nerves. If now the tip of the atria is damaged and the vagus nerve is torn apart, then the resting current increases. Gotch could not confirm Gaskell's observations, which, according to Bourdon Sanderson, depended on the low sensitivity of the capillary electrometer used by Gotch in his experiments. Soon after the string galvanometer was introduced into the physiological methodology, a number of authors (Meck U. Eyste, Samoylov2) together with Sergeyev) examined in more detail the oscillation of the resting current on the turtle's heart, I fully confirmed, at least from the factual side, everything that was described by Gaskel Ten at the time, the work of Einthoven and Rademake on this issue has recently appeared. These authors come to the conclusion that when the vagus nerve is irritated, the increase in the resting current depends solely on the contraction of the lungs, which, dragging the suspended atria with them, stretch them; stretching of the heart muscle, as well as stretching of muscle tissue in general, gives an increase in the resting current. This work forced A. F. Samoilov to return once again to the Gaskelian phenomenon. In 1917 A. F. Samoilov confirmed the existence of the contractile capacity of the turtle lungs under the influence of the vagus nerve; in fact, the lever connected to the lungs rises upwards in response to the irritation of the vagus nerve, but it is absolutely clear from the curves given that there is no parallelism between this movement of the lever and the deviation of the galvanometer string caused by the oscillation of the atrial resting current. The contraction of the lung may distort the picture of the Gaskell phenomenon, but the existence of the latter, as it appears from the cited work, is beyond any doubt. The experience put forward by A. F. finally convinces us of this. Samoilov on a turtle heart isolated from the lungs with the preservation of both vagus nerves. This experience clearly shows "that Haskel at one time correctly observed and correctly concluded: the vagus nerve, when it is decompressed, causes such a change in the heart muscle of the resting atrium of the turtle, which is accompanied by an increase in the initial electric current of rest"4).






The Problem of Physiology and Metabolism of Hormones in the Organism
Abstract
A survey is given of the recent advances in the study of the chemistry and physilogy of thyroxin and the follicular hormone, and future problems of endocrinology are discussed concerning the metabolism and mutual interactions of hormones.



Towards the theory of parabiosis
Abstract
In 1914, in the laboratory of the late Alexander Filippovich Samoilov, I got acquainted for the first time with Vvedensky's teaching about parabiosis and conducted experiments to clarify the role of calcium in the phenomenon of pessimum. Since then, parabiosis has been the subject of my scientific work for a long time. Therefore, it seemed especially appropriate to me just in this issue of the Kazan Medical Journal dedicated to memory Alexander Filippovich, to summarize the results of my study of parabiosis.



On the humoral nature of nervous excitement. Message I. On the humoral nature of the excitation of N.N. vagi, as secretory nerves of the pancreas.
Abstract
The secretory activity of the digestive glands — gastric and pancreatic-is currently explained in physiology by two mechanisms—nervous and humoral. At the same time, it is believed that there is no mutual connection between the nervous and humoral mechanisms and that they act independently, independently of each other. From the point of view of the nervous mechanism, secretion is the direct result of the excitation of nerves as specific secretory agents and occurs independently of any other physiological conditions.



On the humoral nature of nervous excitement. Message II. On the humoral nature of the vagus nerves, as secretory nerves of the gastric glands.
Abstract
In our previous work, we showed that when the vagus nerves are irritated, as secretory nerves, "special substances" are formed in the glandular cells of the pancreas, which, getting into the general circulation, approach the glandular cells of the pancreas and excite them to secretory work.






Sur l’étude et la classification des contractions musculaires in volontaires
Abstract
L’auteur a pris la classificatiop des hypercinésies proposée par G. Lévyet P. Marieen y apportant quelques changements. Il a étudié les hypercinésies à l’aide de la méthode myographique: des capsules pneumatiques et une trans mission pneumatique enregistrant des tracés myographiques.


















Kreislauf der Phosphorsäure in den kernhaltigen Erythrozyten
Abstract
Von Prof. W. A. Engelhardt. Frühere Untersuchungen haben zu der Vorstellung geführt, dass in den roten Blutzellen ein Kreislauf der Phos- Dhorsäure vor sich geht, nämlich so, dass die ständig zerfallenden Phos phorsäureverbindungen in den kernhaltigen Vögelei ythrozyten auf Kosten der Atmung wieder aufgebaut werden.



0 the effect of adrenaline on the frog's heart block
Abstract
Проблема сердечного блока сосредоточила на себе в последнее время с разных сторон внимание многих исследователей. Помимо непосредственной практической значимости этой проблемы, лежащей в основе обширного раздела патологии сердца, сердечный блок представляет собой весьма подходящий объект для разрешения ряда основных теоретических вопросов, связанных с явлениями проведения, суммирования и торможения в комплексной системе возбудимых тканей.


