Pathological manifestations of inflammatory microthrombosis in COVID-19
- Authors: Khismatullin R.R.1, Ivaeva R.A.1,2,3, Abdullayeva S.1, Shakirova A.Z.3,4, Khuzin F.F.1, Kiassov A.P.1, Litvinov R.I.1
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Affiliations:
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
- Republican Clinical Hospital
- Kazan State Medical University
- RZD-Medicine Clinical Hospital
- Issue: Vol 103, No 4 (2022)
- Pages: 575-586
- Section: Theoretical and clinical medicine
- URL: https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/88704
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/KMJ2022-575
Cite item
Abstract
Background. COVID-19 is a predominantly respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that has spread as a pandemic since 2020; characterized by high mortality and unexplored long-term outcomes.
Aim. To describe the morphological changes in the lungs and other organs in severe forms of COVID-19.
Material and methods. A macro- and microscopic examination of the lungs, kidneys, liver, brain and heart of 45 patients who died from complications of COVID-19 was carried out. Histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, by the Picro-Mallory stain, as well as with fluorescent antibodies and dyes to visualize neutrophil extracellular traps.
Results. The leading pathomorphological manifestations of COVID-19 were inflammation and microthrombosis in the lungs. At the same time, diffuse alveolar damage often developed as a manifestation of acute respiratory distress syndrome in an adult. Diffuse leukocyte infiltration of the lungs was combined with the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in the lumens of the blood vessels. Diffuse microthrombi were found in most lung tissue samples (87%), while macroscopic thrombi were much less common (16%). In single cases, the cause of death was thromboembolism of the branches of the pulmonary artery, originating from deep vein thrombi of the lower extremities or the right atrial appendage. In the tissues of the liver, heart, kidneys and brain, moderate alterative (degenerative and necrobiotic) microscopic changes were observed, as well as morphological signs of concomitant chronic diseases.
Conclusion. COVID-19 is characterized by pathogenically interrelated morphological manifestations of inflammation and primary pulmonary (micro)thrombosis in the form of accumulation of leukocytes both in blood clots and in the alveoli, while regional pulmonary immunothrombosis is associated with diffuse damage to the alveoli; in the heart, brain, liver and kidneys, predominantly dystrophic and necrobiotic changes occur, which are typical of secondary injuries and/or concomitant pathology.
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About the authors
Rafael R. Khismatullin
Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
Author for correspondence.
Email: rafael.khismatullin@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8597-811X
SPIN-code: 2802-2405
Scopus Author ID: 57201333953
ResearcherId: AAT-8662-2020
аспирант, каф. биохимии, биотехнологии и фармакологии; ст. препод., каф. морфологии и общей патологии, Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии; врач-патологоанатом, Медсанчасть
Russian Federation, Kazan, RussiaRozalina A. Ivaeva
Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University; Republican Clinical Hospital; Kazan State Medical University
Email: malina.93rozali@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8911-4818
M.D., pathologist, Depart. of Pathology; Depart. of Morphology and General Pathology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology; Depart. of General Pathology
Russian Federation, Kazan, Russia; Kazan, Russia; Kazan, RussiaShahnoza Abdullayeva
Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
Email: abdullayevashahnoza1599@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7647-2966
Scopus Author ID: 57223175877
student, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology
Russian Federation, Kazan, RussiaAsia Z. Shakirova
Kazan State Medical University; RZD-Medicine Clinical Hospital
Email: asgm12@list.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3366-5933
SPIN-code: 8856-5689
Scopus Author ID: 8967918500
M.D., Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assoc. Prof., Depart. of General Pathology; pathologist, Depart. of Pathology
Russian Federation, Kazan, Russia; Kazan, RussiaFelix F. Khuzin
Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
Email: felixhusin@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9164-0614
SPIN-code: 6961-7883
Scopus Author ID: 57192931144
M.D., Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assoc. Prof., Depart. of Morphology and General Pathology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology
Russian Federation, Kazan, RussiaAndrei P. Kiassov
Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
Email: kiassov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4460-4140
SPIN-code: 6000-3551
Scopus Author ID: 8053304900
ResearcherId: L-1976-2015
M.D., D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Head of Depart., Depart. of Morphology and General Pathology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology
Russian Federation, Kazan, RussiaRustem I. Litvinov
Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
Email: litvinov@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0643-1496
SPIN-code: 1327-1641
Scopus Author ID: 35565337800
ResearcherId: E-5291-2011
M.D., D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Research Laboratory “Protein-Cellular Interactions”, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia; Senior Research Investigator, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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