Нерешённые вопросы хронической обструктивной болезни лёгких: перспективы генетических исследований
- Авторы: Хамитов Р.Ф.1, Саттарова Ф.И.1, Егорова Э.С.1
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Учреждения:
- Казанский государственный медицинский университет
- Раздел: Обзоры
- Статья получена: 12.04.2025
- Статья одобрена: 02.06.2025
- Статья опубликована: 25.07.2025
- URL: https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/678486
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/KMJ678486
- EDN: https://elibrary.ru/DGXKHK
- ID: 678486
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Аннотация
Распространённость хронической обструктивной болезни лёгких в мире среди лиц старше 40 лет составляет около 10%. Наряду с этим неуклонное прогрессирование заболевания, приводящее к ранней инвалидизации, определяет высокую медико-социальную значимость заболевания. Требуется дальнейшее изучение факторов риска, включая генетические особенности хронической обструктивной болезни лёгких, с целью разработки эффективной первичной профилактики среди предрасположенных лиц. Целью нашего исследования явился обзор зарубежной и отечественной научной медицинской литературы, посвящённой генетическим полиморфизмам, ассоциированным с хронической обструктивной болезнью лёгких, и их роли в патогенезе заболевания, а также анализ фармакогенетических аспектов терапии — влияние генетических полиморфизмов на эффективность и безопасность лекарственных препаратов. Проанализированы полнотекстовые публикации за период с 2000 по 2024 год, размещённые в базах данных PubMed, eLibrary.Ru, Google Scholar, ResearchGate. Представлен анализ наиболее важных генетических исследований хронической обструктивной болезни лёгких, включая данные о сочетании заболевания с коморбидными состояниями и особенностях фармакогенетики препаратов. Исследования, посвящённые наследственным факторам, убедительно подтверждают, что генетическая предрасположенность существенно повышает риск развития заболевания. Реакция на лекарственные препараты зависит от множества факторов, среди которых важную роль играют генетические особенности, определяющие выбор терапии. Полногеномные исследования ассоциаций в крупных выборках пациентов позволяют выявить достоверно связанные с заболеванием локусы и играют важную роль в уточнении патогенеза. Шкалы генетического риска, строящиеся на основе объединения эффектов нескольких однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов, показали свою эффективность в прогнозировании риска и тяжести хронической обструктивной болезни лёгких. В дальнейшем такие шкалы могут иметь клиническое значение в рамках предиктивной медицины. Изучение генетических полиморфизмов открывает перспективы для разработки персонализированных медицинских подходов к прогнозированию, профилактике и лечению хронической обструктивной болезни лёгких.
Об авторах
Рустэм Фидагиевич Хамитов
Казанский государственный медицинский университет
Email: rhamitov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8821-0421
SPIN-код: 5362-0356
д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий, каф. внутренних болезней
Россия, г. КазаньФирюза Ильдаровна Саттарова
Казанский государственный медицинский университет
Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: fifuza@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0002-1157-0984
SPIN-код: 8579-1605
ассистент, каф. внутренних болезней
Россия, г. КазаньЭмилия Сергеевна Егорова
Казанский государственный медицинский университет
Email: jastspring@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6210-4660
SPIN-код: 8706-8630
младший научный сотрудник; лаб. генетики старения и долголетия Центральной научно-исследовательской лаборатории
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