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Nº 1 (2023)

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Articles

The japanese-american military-political alliance: secrets of longevity

Panov A.

Resumo

The article analyzes an evolution of the Japanese-American military-political alliance in the end of XX - in the beginning of XXI centuries under influence of the increased of political, economical and military potential of Japan and also radical reorganization of international relations in the period of detente in Soviet-American relations, in the end of cold war, disintegration of the Soviet Union, the rise of China, aggravation of international situation after the start of the limited special operation of Russia in Ukraine. Military potential of the Japanese was evaluated, as well as the possibility of Japanese self-defense forces to repel limited attack on Japanese territory and plans of the government of Japan for improvement of the defense potential of the state. With it all, there are noted a serious shortcomings of Japanese potential of deterrence of possible threats for security and preservation of relay on the U.S. «nuclear umbrella», as well as assistance of American armed forces in repel of aggression. In this connection, there is a prognosis, especially in view of radically changes global international situation and relations in the Asia-Pacific region, that the Japanese-American military-political alliance will be preserved in all probability.
USA & Canada: economics, politics, culture. 2023;(1):5-20
pages 5-20 views

Transformation of the post-cold war order and the global and regional powers policy in the South Caucasus after the 2020 Karabakh war

Poghosyan B.

Resumo

The end of the Cold War ushered in a Unipolar world characterized by the US hegemony. In 1990s and early 2000s the US was realizing the strategy of “liberal hegemony” with emphasis on democracy promotion in the former socialist camp. The NATO enlargement and the support to the EU extension were key pillars of this strategy. There was a perception among pundits and policymakers that the “liberal democracy” will spread all over the world, bringing a new era of peace and stability. However, the Unipolar moment was short lived. The global financial crisis of 2007-2008 marked the beginning of the transformation of the post-Сold War order. The reasons behind this transformation are numerous - the relative decline of the US, the rise of others, most notably China, and the launch of the new multilateral organizations such as BRICS and Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The transformation of the post-cold war order brings back the notion of multipolar world and the “great power competition”. The emergence of the "multi-polar world order" will inevitably trigger regional instability and the rivalry for regional hegemony. The absence of the world hegemon or the "world policeman" means that the second-tier states will be more inclined to use coercion as the primary tool to push forward their national interests. The world is facing the unraveling of the global world order with very few clues on what the new emerging order may look like. One pattern is obvious - states are putting more emphasis on the coercion, force and hybrid warfare as a key element of their foreign policy. Meanwhile, the absence of global hegemon triggers the tough and often violent struggle for dominance among regional powers. The South Caucasus was an arena of overlapping interests of many actors - Russia, the US, the EU, Turkey, and Iran. While in 1990s and 2000s the geopolitical configuration of the region was based on the competition between Turkey - Azerbaijan - Georgia partnership supported by the US, and Russia - Armenia alliance, the situation has changed in recent years. Turkey’s quest for independent foreign policy and growing tensions between Turkey and the US have resulted in a establishment of competitive/cooperative relations between Russia and Turkey. Ankara and Moscow are still competitors but they are able to manage their contradictions. The 2020 Karabakh war was a harbinger of upcoming changes in the regional balance of power. Azerbaijan won the war receiving significant military support from Turkey, Armenia suffered significant losses, while Russia deployed its peacekeepers in Nagorno Karabakh. As South Caucasus faces the growing competition between external actors vying for influence, and as Russia - West relations were completely ruined after the February 2022, the region has become another arena for Russia - West competition. The US and the EU are interested to push Russian peacekeepers out from Nagorno Karabakh after the end of the initial five-year term, viewing this as a significant step in reducing Russian influence in the region. Meanwhile, Russia seeks to stabilize relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan, meanwhile keeping its military presence in Nagorno Karabakh. Despite the growing tensions between Turkey and the US, Ankara still remains main tool for the US in its efforts to decrease Russian power in South Caucasus.
USA & Canada: economics, politics, culture. 2023;(1):21-37
pages 21-37 views

Climate agenda of the leading US oil companies

Ivanov N., Poussenkova N.

Resumo

The authors investigate characteristics of the fourth energy transition from fossil fuel to renewables that is currently underway on the global scale and its impact on the oil and gas sector. They study evolution of the climate agenda of oil companies and its main drivers. The article explores specifics of the American model of oil majors’ decarbonization and analyzes key differences between the American and European models. The authors assess the main reasons for the high climate responsibility of the European oil companies. They study the key drivers of climate policy of the US majors, e.g. greening of financial institutions and investors, consumers’ preferences, etc. A special focus is made on the evolution of the US government climate strategy. Recently, the US majors have been demonstrating greater climate awareness and began to announce their net zero commitments. The authors study specific decarbonization measures taken by the main US oil companies (ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, and Occidental Petroleum), such as R&D in the sphere of biofuels, carbon capture, utilization and storage, control of methane leakages, production of hydrogen, etc. The article emphasizes that the US oil companies, in contrast to their European counterparts, are reluctant to diversify their asset portfolio by expanding the share of renewables. Their reluctance might stem from the fact that oil companies that possess considerable proved reserves of hydrocarbons and that made significant investments in upstream are not eager to focus on renewables. Currently, the American majors continue to bet on the long-term future of oil and gas, remain loyal to their core oil and gas business and pursue climate agenda mainly by enhancing their energy efficiency through the use of their competitive advantages, primarily technological supremacy. The authors believe that under Joe Biden’s administration the climate agenda of the leading US oil companies will be strengthened further.
USA & Canada: economics, politics, culture. 2023;(1):38-58
pages 38-58 views

Retrospection

Barack Obama’s diplomacy and the syrian peace process

Yurk A.

Resumo

The article is devoted to the diplomatic activity of the first and second administrations of Barack Obama to resolve the Syrian civil war. Changes in the attitude of the United States towards the government of Bashar al-Assad, as well as forced attempts to change power in the country according to the Libyan model, both through the UN Security Council and through the Friends of Syria Group, are considered. The study analyzes the participation of the United States in the Geneva peace process on Syria, their role in this process, as well as the importance attached to the peace talks by the White House. In addition, attention is paid to the Russian-American ceasefire agreements reached in 2016. Conclusions are drawn about the degree of responsibility of Barack Obama's diplomacy for the actual collapse of the Geneva peace process.
USA & Canada: economics, politics, culture. 2023;(1):59-74
pages 59-74 views

The initial period of the sino-japanese war 1937-1939

Ermakov D., Popov G., Kazenkov O.

Resumo

The article provides political assessments of the attitude of German military specialists to the processes of the initial period of the Sino-Japanese War. The authors are based on previously little-known documents from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, some of these documents are put into circulation for the first time. The article reflects the struggle of ideologies on the territory of China during its military clash with Japan. The authors, based on German documents, show the harsh anti-communist nature of Japanese policy in the occupied Chinese territories, and also address the problem of Japanese chauvinism in the late 1930s. The complexity of relations between the Japanese military and representatives of the political and economic elites of China at the initial stage of the Sino-Japanese War led to the support of the Chinese bourgeoisie for the Kuomintang regime, which weakened the position of Chinese collaborators. The article shows the failure of the strategy of the Japanese occupation authorities aimed at splitting the Chinese society. The article reflects the role of Alexander von Falkenhausen at the initial stage of the Sino-Japanese War. The authors highlight the issues of strategic miscalculations of the Japanese high command and shortcomings in the strategy of Chiang Kai-shek.
USA & Canada: economics, politics, culture. 2023;(1):75-93
pages 75-93 views

History

In search of oneself and wildlife. Theodore Roosevelt in North Dakota

Vivatenko S., Sivolap T.

Resumo

The article is dedicated to the complex stage in the fate of Theodore Roosevelt, his life in the «Badlands» of North Dakota, where he first appeared in September 1883 to hunt bison. Literally, we can say at first glance he fell in love with these places. Fascinated by Dakota, Roosevelt decided to invest 14 thousand dollars in the purchase of the Chimney Butte Ranch, later renamed the Maltese Cross Ranch. Roosevelt turned the management of the lands over to Sylwane Ferris and Bill Merrifield, who built for T. Roosevelt a one-story house with a tiled roof, an attic and a basement - called the Maltese Cross Cottage on the newly acquired lands. Hunting and cattle breeding in Dakota turned out to be a very useful stage for the formation of the views of the future president. Over the next few years, Roosevelt traveled between New York and the ranch in Dakota. In the fall of 1884, he took part in the election campaign, then returned to Dakota to help form the regional association of cattle breeders to protect the interests of the ranchers and was elected chairman of the association. Although the cattle -breeding enterprise in the «Badlands» of the Northern Dakota turned out to be a financial disaster for Roosevelt, the experience gained was invaluable. In 1887, relying on his Dakota experience, T. Roosevelt organized a non -profit organization advocating for fair hunting in support of the habitat conservation. Currently, this club is the oldest wildlife conservation organization in North America. Roosevelt developed Hunter Ethics Statement. In 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became the 26th president of the United States and, in fact, one of the greatest conservationists.
USA & Canada: economics, politics, culture. 2023;(1):94-101
pages 94-101 views

Management

Globalization as a threat to american industrial enterprises in the era of digital economy

Konareva L.

Resumo

The article defines the concept of globalization and lists the main stages of this process. The development of scientific and technological progress, the introduction of new technologies has led to the emergence since the 1960s of the so-called transnational (TNC) or multinational (MNC) corporations. The simplification of production operations, when it became possible to use even low-skilled and semi-literate personnel, created opportunities for the spatial separation of individual technological processes. The development of transport and information communications contributed to the realization of these opportunities. The article describes the history of the creation of the largest American aircraft manufacturing corporation in the world Boeing. The article describes the reasons that gave rise to problems in the autopilot, which was equipped with an aircraft of the American corporation Boeing-737 Max 8. This system is called the "Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS)." The shortcomings in her work were recognized as the main reasons for the 2 largest crashes of this airliner - October 29, 2018 in Indonesia and March 10, 2019 in Ethiopia, which killed 346 people. In addition, monstrous labor intensification is indicated as one of the reasons for the deterioration in the assembly quality of Boeing aircrafts.
USA & Canada: economics, politics, culture. 2023;(1):102-114
pages 102-114 views

Culture

The coming of age of american painting: images of the eighties

Pereverzeva M.

Resumo

The article includes the results of an art history analysis of the American artists’ works of the 1980s, reveals their main style and compositional features, defines the trends in the US art development at the end of the twentieth century. The main idea of the study is that the 80s is the time for the maturity of American painting, which integrates the national features of the USA visual arts. In the works of the 1980s there is reflected the mentality of US artists with their inherent patriotism, individualism, cult and at the same time criticism of everyday life, freedom of creative expression, "literalism" on the one hand and the need to root art in the spiritual field on the other, gravitation to metaphorical landscapes, sensitive strokes of thick paint, mixed technique and gestures painting.
USA & Canada: economics, politics, culture. 2023;(1):115-125
pages 115-125 views