Accumulation and localization of metals in lichen thallus under conditions of dust pollution during open mining of boxite deposits

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Abstract

We studied the accumulation and localization of metals in the foliose lichens Lobaria pulmonaria, Hypogymnia physodes and Peltigera aphthosa, living in the impact zone of the Sredne-Timansky bauxite mine. A significant accumulation of Al (16–19 g/kg), Fe (16–20 g/kg) and Ti (0.3–0.7 g/kg) by thalli was revealed. From 29 to 82% of the total content of these metals is localized in dust particles weakly attached to the surface of the thalli. The total proportion of intra- and extracellularly bound Al, Fe and Ti did not exceed 11%. 15–56% of these metals were found in the residual fraction. An increase in the content of Cu, Pb, Co and Ni was detected in thalli collected in the impact area. It has been shown that the localization of metals in thalli depends both on the element under consideration and on the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the thalli: in L. pulmonaria, fine mineral particles were localized on the surface of the thalli; in the thalli of P. aphthosa, which do not have a lower cortex, mineral inclusions were found throughout the entire thickness of the thalli.

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About the authors

I. G. Zakhozhiy

Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: zakhozhiy@ib.komisc.ru
Russian Federation, 167982, Syktyvkar

M. A. Shelyakin

Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: zakhozhiy@ib.komisc.ru
Russian Federation, 167982, Syktyvkar

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2. Fig. 1. An image of a cross-section of the Lobaria pulmonaria thallus obtained in the mode of detection of backscattered electrons (a) and a map of the distribution of elements: b – Al, c – Fe, d – Si. The areas with bright coloring correspond to the maximum content of the element; VK is the upper crust layer, NK is the lower crust layer; the elemental composition of mineral particles (L1–L5) is shown in Table 2.

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3. Fig. 2. An image of a cross-section of the Peltigera aphthosa thallus obtained in the mode of detection of backscattered electrons (a) and a map of the distribution of elements: b – Al, c – Fe, d – Si. The areas with bright coloring correspond to the maximum content of the element; VK – the upper crust layer, MS – the medullary layer; the elemental composition of mineral particles (P1–P5) is shown in Table 2.

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4. Fig. 3. Analysis of the main components of the distribution of the relative proportion of metals in different fractions from lichen thallomas of Hypogymnia physodes (a), Lobaria pulmonaria (b) and Peltigera aphthosa (c): the results for thallomas from the conditionally background territory are presented above, and for those selected in the impact zone from below. A solid line unites the metals contributing the main load to Factor 1 (horizontal axis) and/or Factor 2 (vertical axis); 1, 2 and 3 are dust, EDTA–Na2 are extractable and residual metal fractions, respectively.

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