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Vol 54, No 1 (2023)
Articles
Blood Rheology and Microcirculation
Abstract
Abstract—The article discusses the features of the functioning of the microcirculation system, in particular, modern integrative ideas about the microcirculatory-tissue system, which provides blood supply and regulation of oxygen delivery in accordance with the metabolic needs of the tissue and organ. In this system, an important role belongs to the rheological properties of blood and the microrheological properties of erythrocytes, which act as intravasal regulators of microcirculation and have a significant impact on the functioning of the hemostasis system. In the implementation of the fundamental physiological function – oxygen supply to tissues matching their metabolic needs – erythrocytes play an active role, acting not only as a gas transporter, but also as a sensor of hypoxia and regulator of the endothelial vasodilatation function. The problems of dysfunction of the microcirculation and features of the rheological properties of blood in patients with severe COVID-19 are considered.
3-25
Group B Vitamins: From Homeostasis to Pathogenesis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Abstract
Abstract—It is well known that vitamins are essential micronutrients for the normal functioning of all body systems and must be supplied in sufficient quantities with food. The role of vitamins produced by the gut microbiota for host health is largely undefined. The review discusses the properties of eight water-soluble B vitamins, their complex effects on the functioning of the nervous system. Attention is paid to a little-studied issue - the synthesis of B vitamins by the intestinal microbiota and its role in vitamin deficiency in the body. It is proposed that interrelated factors – “Western diet”, altered composition (dysbiosis) of the intestinal microbiota and deficiency of B vitamins are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, a severe autoimmune demyelinating disease that affects people of working age. The available studies on the evaluation of the level of B vitamins in patients with multiple sclerosis and the use of high doses of these vitamins for the treatment of progressive forms of multiple sclerosis are presented. In addition, the idea of the possibility of using probiotic bacteria producing B vitamins in the treatment of multiple sclerosis is being put forward.
26-54
Pathogenesis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Therapeutic Targets
Abstract
Abstract—The review summarizes current literature information on the mechanisms of pathogenesis of severe stress-induced disease – post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Hormonal, biochemical, genetic and morphofunctional changes in peripheral organs and in the central nervous system occurring in PTSD are characterized. It turned out that most researchers have formed an opinion about the leading role of chronic inflammation in PTSD. The data on the study of the action of anti-inflammatory drugs with a narrow biochemical orientation are presented. The review concludes with the presentation of the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of PTSD should be considered as an integrative inflammatory process of peripheral and central systems. The therapeutic agent in this case, most likely, should be a multifunctional drug. Judging by the results of the authors' experiments, it is most likely to be drugs of the pharmacological group of heparins.
55-69
The Social Anhedonia: (f)MRI Studies
Abstract
Abstract—Anhedonia and, particularly, social anhedonia is an important psychiatric symptom playing a crucial role in the development of depression and schizophrenia. Social anhedonia in healthy people is related to changes in structure, activation, and connectivity of different regions in the prefrontal, temporal, parieto-temporal, and basal areas. In patients with schizophrenia the core fMRI correlates of social anhedonia are located in the temporal lobe. Studies in social anhedonia in depressions and other mental disorders are insufficient for drawing conclusions on this topic. Unlike physical anhedonia, social anhedonia demonstrates no specific link with the Nucleus accumbens volume or activation.
70-90
BIological and Pathophysiological Significance of De Novo Ceramide Biosynthesis Enzymes
Abstract
Abstract—Ceramides are biologically active lipids with a wide range of effects that act as a second messenger in adipose tissue (AT) that regulates the metabolic homeostasis of the whole organism [83]. At least 3 ceramide synthesis pathways are known: de novo, sphingomyelinase, and the recycling/“rescue” pathway [47]. This review summarizes data on the physiological and pathophysiological effects of de novo ceramide biosynthesis enzymes.
91-104