


Том 55, № 3 (2024)
Articles
Structural-functional organization of the visual system in ensuring goal-directed activity
Аннотация
A review of the results of half a century of research into the visual system as a hierarchical structure is presented: a multichannel, multilayer “pyramid”, each layer of which has a different spatiotemporal resolution, but together provides an invariant description of images for their classification, decision making, organization of eye movements and target search. An analysis of the multichannel organization of the human visual system was carried out, as the most effective and most economical. The “periscope and telescopic vision” systems, unique in their morphological and functional characteristics, are identified, providing gaze translation and recognition when searching and achieving a goal. Models of the pyramidal organization of the visual system have justified their existence by having an exceptional influence on the development of engineering solutions for the design of recognition systems operating in real time and the creation of artificial neural networks.



Brain response to sound motion-onset in human
Аннотация
This review comprehensively examines the features of the motion-specific brain response produced by human hearing system, the so-called motion-onset response (MOR). We discuss the interpretations of this component of auditory evoked potentials, its dependence on velocity and direction of sound motion and on various spatial characteristics of sound stimuli. We review the studies of event-related oscillations underlying the MOR which have shown that gradual sound motion causes the phase alignment of the delta-alpha range to the motion onset. We also consider the influence of audio-visual integration on motion processing. The MOR component as a correlate of the processes of spatial integration can provide new information about an early pre-conscious activation of brain structures that facilitates orientation and adaptation of a person to a changing acoustic environment.



Xanthine oxidoreductase: structure, distribution and physioloical role
Аннотация
The article presents an overview of the modern literature on the structure, distribution, biological and physiological role of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). XOR has been identified in all living organisms, from bacteria to humans. However, only in mammals it is presented in two forms, other species contain exclusively the XDH form. The enzyme is a homodimer with independent electron transfer in each monomer. XOR catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid in the final stage of purine metabolism and is widely distributed enzyme. The review highlights the forms of XOR and their role in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and synthesis of uric acid which are involved in many physiological processes. Uric acid shows antioxidant activity, and ROS and RNS play a role in innate immunity, in signaling, metabolism of xenobiotics, regulation of cellular redox potential and are also involved in mammogenesis and lactogenesis. Thus, in recent years significant progress has been made in understanding the biochemical and physiological nature of this enzyme system.



Lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis: key features of molecular mechanisms of concomitant disease
Аннотация
Lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis have long been significant problems for global health, occupying leading positions in terms of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries. Numerous clinical and experimental studies have allowed to get knowledge of the mechanisms of development of these pathological processes individually, the impact of diseases on the macroorganism, and various options of treatment. According to population studies, the interaction between these two processes is undeniable – both active tuberculosis and post-tuberculosis changes are equally risk factors for the development of neoplastic processes, and malignant tumors create favorable conditions and predispositions for the development of mycobacterial infection. However, the mechanisms of interaction between these two diseases in concomitant cases remain opened and insufficiently studied. This literature review provides a detailed description of the variants of lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis combinations, the pathophysiological basis of the interaction between infectious and neoplastic processes: modulation of the immune response by M. tuberculosis and lung tumor; oncogenic signaling pathways activated by tuberculosis infection; mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in post-tuberculosis scar changes and its role in the formation of so-called "scarcinoma"; the relationship between tumor-mediated and tuberculosis-associated immunosuppression; the role of the PD-1: PD-L signaling pathway, and the influence of modern types of anti-tumor immunotherapy on the course of these pathological processes. The final part of the review presents our own data from experimental studies on the combination of cancer and tuberculosis in a laboratory model, identifying promising directions for further research on this issue.



Autophagy in the nervous system: general principles and specific functions
Аннотация
Autophagy is an intracellular mechanism for the isolation, transport and degradation of macromolecules and organelles. The physiological significance of autophagy lies, firstly, in maintaining the constancy of the intracellular environment through the timely disposal of proteins with a disrupted structure and damaged organelles. Secondly, due to the selective degradation of macromolecules, autophagy supplies the cell with monomers, which are then used by it to synthesize new compounds, which serves to ensure the rearrangement of cellular metabolism in the processes of cell differentiation, ontogenesis and adaptation to environmental challenges. Autophagy is an extremely important mechanism for maintaining normal functioning of postmitotic and differentiated cells, including neurons. Impaired neuronal autophagy leads to the formation of aggregated protein plaques, the accumulation of damaged cellular organelles, defects in the structure of processes and neuronal degeneration, which often accompanies to the progression of some forms of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, the role of autophagy in synaptic plasticity and memory mechanisms has been established. Since autophagy has a significant impact on cellular metabolism, the study of the regulation and main pathways of this mechanism may be crucial in the elaboration of means and approaches to the treatment and prevention of many pathologies that progress with age. This review describes the basic concepts of the autophagy process, summarizes the key functions of autophagy in cells, and also presents current data on its role in ensuring the normal metabolism and implementation of specific functions of neurons.



Neurorehabilitation of post-stroke motor dysfunctions using spinal electrostimulation
Аннотация
Spinal cord injuries and strokes are the main causes of complete or partial loss of movement. Advances in minimizing motor dysfunction using spinal electrical stimulation in spinal cord injuries have contributed to increasing interest in the use of this type of neuromodulation for motor disorders of other pathologies. The review presents the results of recent studies on the use of various types of spinal electrical stimulation to minimize motor dysfunctions associated with cerebral blood flow disorders, and discusses the history of the use of spinal stimulation in this area.



TRPM8 channels, cold and headache: data of experimental and clinical studies
Аннотация
Abstract – Different types of headaches, including migraine, may have a causal relationship with cold exposure, and this relationship can be either positive or negative, i.e. cold can both provoke and alleviate cephalalgia. Various representatives of the transient receptor potential ion channel superfamily, in particular TRPM8, act as molecular thermoreceptors that provide signal transduction in the response to low temperatures. These channels, which are known to mediate the normal cold sensation and play a role in both cold-induced pain and cryoanalgesia, are often considered as a promising target for the development of principally new anti-migraine drugs. This review summarizes recently obtained data on the TRPM8 structure and function, and their role in the pathogenesis of migraine, as well as discusses the intriguingly inconsistent results of studying TRPM8 agonists and antagonists in experimental headache models and clinical trials. Analyzing data from various studies allows to conclude that TRPM8 activation can be both pro- and antinociceptive; this correlates with the reported dual effect of cold exposure on the induction and resolution of headaches, leaving open the question on the vector of the TRPM8 pharmacological modulation required to produce anticephalgic effect.


