Development of Methods for Shell and Fuel Layer Characterization of Indirect-Drive Cryogenic Target for Laser Thermonuclear Fusion

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Abstract

Indirect-drive cryogenic target is a located in box-converter hollow spherical shell-capsule with spherically symmetric solid layer of deuterium-tritium fuel on its inner surface. Placing a cryogenic target in an experiment on ignition at a megajoule energy level facility is preceded by thorough characterization of all component elements of the target and characterization of finished target. This paper describes the characterization method of the entire external surface of the cryogenic target using a confocal scanning, and presents the results of developing an optical shadow method and an X-ray phase-contrast method for characterization the cryogenic fuel layer in the target. The results of stitching the entire external surface are used for interpretation of the results of experiments on the solid fuel layer formation in a cryogenic target. The developed program system for characterization of fuel layers is used for measuring the liquid fuel, for characterization of the solid fuel layer parameters and for evaluation the robustness of the characterization results.

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About the authors

Elena Yu. Zarubina

All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics; Sarov Branch of the Lomonosov Moscow State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: zarubinaelena2@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, 37, Mir St., Sarov, 607188; 8, Parkovaya St., Sarov, 607328

Marina A. Rogozhina

All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics

Email: rogozhina.marina.a@gmail.com
Russian Federation, 37, Mir St., Sarov, 607188

Elena Yu. Solomatina

All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics

Email: eyusolom@gmail.com
Russian Federation, 37, Mir St., Sarov, 607188

Ivan Aleksandrovich Chugrov

All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics

Email: cahbi4var@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 37, Mir St., Sarov, 607188

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. NIF requirements for cryo-target surfaces [10]. Maximum permissible one-dimensional roughness power spectrum of the cryo-target surfaces (for equatorial surface sheets): 1 - outer surface of the shell; 2 - first to third middle surfaces of the shell; 3 - inner surface of the shell; 4 - inner ice surface. The surfaces are defined relative to the centre of the inner surface of the shell, so mode 1 (non-concentricity) is not defined for this surface.

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3. Fig. 2. Design of the RFNC-VNIIEF oversized target: a - box-converter of 1.4 cm diameter with six windows of 2 mm diameter for LI input (LI input is shown for one window); b - part of the cladding with fuel: 1 - HDC cladding (density 3.51 g/cm3); 2 - solid layer of DT-fuel (density 0.25 g/cm3); 3 - saturated DT-gas (density 0.3 mg/cm3).

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4. Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the experimental stand for shell attestation: 1 - main three-axis manipulator; 2 - auxiliary six-axis manipulator; 3 - shell of about 2 mm diameter; 4 - to vacuum system; 5 - optical profilometer lens; 6 - vacuum tweezers; 7 - motorised rotators; 8 - two-axis manual positioners; 9 - slanting table; 10 - three-axis system of motorised positioners; 11 - vibration-absorbing table of optical profilometer; 12 - decoupling optical table; 13 - rotating mirror. Dotted arrows show possible directions of movement of positioners and lens.

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5. Fig. 4. Three-dimensional defect map of the outer surface of the hollow PAMS shell in the form of deviations from the surface approximating a sphere with a diameter of 2126 µm.

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6. Fig. 5. Estimation of spatial position and geometric parameters of defects. X, Y, Z - coordinates of the defects in the coordinate system with the centre in the centre of the sphere approximating the cross-linked outer surface of the shell; the coordinates are calculated as the projection of the defect centre onto a sphere with a diameter of 2130 µm (the measured diameter of the shell). The numbers on the defects indicate their maximum deviation from the adjacent surface in the radial direction (height, depth). The figure is a map of heights. Parameters of some defects not labelled in the figure are as follows. Defect #1 (the largest): area 7230 µm2, volume 2890 µm3. Defect No. 4 (small): area 79 µm2, volume 8 µm3. Defect No. 6 (the highest): area 1520 µm2, volume 5930 µm3. The area in the figure includes 4 equators with an overlap of 20 to 50%, with 3 topographies in each.

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7. Fig. 6. Fourier power spectra computed from the profiles of three neighbouring equators for the shell and the NIF shell outer surface requirements (dashed line).

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