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卷 110, 编号 1 (2025)

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REVIEWS

Modes of embryo development in angiosperms

Shamrov I., Anisimova G.

摘要

The general ideas that determine the structure of the embryo are discussed. A comparative analysis of the classifications of the endospermogenesis and embryogenesis types has shown that the principles of their creation are similar. However, during the endosperm development, the process of separation of the types (cellular and helobial, the latter includes the nuclear endosperm) begins as early as after the second division, and during the formation of the embryo, only after the third division during the formation of the proembryo, i. e. the ontogenetic time of typing differs in both systems. Using these principles, we proposed an original classification of the embryo formation modes. It uses the concept of “megatypes of embryogenesis” and analyzes existing modes and systems of types of embryo development. The data on the Piperad-type have been revised, and a new Orchidad-type has been proposed for orchids, including 3 variations.

After the division of the zygote, patterns of clusters of future types of embryogenesis are outlined: transverse, inclined, irregular (features of the formation of the first and subsequent partitions during the formation of the early embryo), coenocytic (nuclear stage in the development of the early embryo). The main cluster is transverse, which is inherent in most flowering plants. It is accompanied by the formation of apical and basal cells, further divisions of which lead to the formation of two ways of development based on the T-shaped or linear tetrad of cells. In each way, the participation of derivatives of apical and basal cells is different, which leads to the emergence of autonomous types of embryogenesis — Asterad-type, Caryophyllad-type, Chenopodiad-type, Onagrad-type, Solanad-type. The oblique cluster of megatypes is characterized by inclined partitions during the formation of proembryo (Poad-type of embryogenesis), while the irregular cluster is characterized by a combination of longitudinal, oblique, and transverse partitions (Piperad-type of embryogenesis) or a variety of tetrad forms of proembryo and the lack of regularity in the division and fate of basal cell derivatives (Orchidad-type of embryogenesis). The coenocyte cluster is represented by Paeonad-type only.

Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 2025;110(1):5-28
pages 5-28 views

Origin and evolution of apical growth in higher plants

Romanova M., Domashkina V., Maksimova A., Voitsekhovskaja O.

摘要

The article is devoted to the analysis of the structure, putative function and molecular genetic regulation of the apical meristems in gametophytes and sporophytes of higher plants within the framework of the question about the origin and evolution of their apical growth. The presence of several AIs and secondary plasmodesmata in the apical meristems of gametophytes of Anthocerotophyta and Marchantiophyta and in the sporophytes of Lycopodiales and Isoetales (Lycopodiopsida) indicates that the mechanism of post-cytokinetic plasmodesmata formation that enabled the evolutionary emergence of the simplex apical meristem might have arisen in the last common ancestor of higher plants. The reversion to the monoplex “algal” type of the apical meristem most likely occurred independently in the gametophytes of Bryophyta and the sporophytes of Selaginellales and Polypodiopsida as a consequence of the putative loss of this mechanism. Presence of intercalary zone of proliferating cells in the sporophytes of all bryophytes suggests that a multicellular intercalary meristem was ancestral for the diploid generation of higher plants while the transient apical meristem of the embryo of mosses could have arisen as a result of co-option and modification of the programs regulating the apical meristem of gametophytes. Among the key regulators of apical meristems, only C1KNOX transcription factors (TFs) seem to be sporophyte-specific. Presumably, they have initially regulated the delay of meiosis and diffuse cell proliferation of the ancestral multicellular sporophyte. Whereat they could control the newly evolved intercalary meristem, and the subsequent shift of their expression to the apical pole of the embryo played a key role in the emergence of the apical meristem in sporophytes. Although homologs of WOX transcription factors in bryophytes belong to the T1 superclade that is most distantly related to the T3 (or WUS) superclade of key regulators of the shoot apical meristem of angiosperms, they regulated the apical meristem in gametophytes of liverworts as their counterparts from T3 clade. Expression of WOX homologues, that are phylogenetically more close to WUS, in leaf primordia of lycophytes and root primordia of ferns suggests that the ancestral role of these TFs in sporophytes was the control of organ initiation. Presumably the role of the organizer of the apical meristem arose only in the WUS/WOX5 clade of the T3WOX superclade. Contradictory data on expression of WOX homologs in different gymnosperms do no allow to judge whether members of WUS/WOX5 clade already gained the function of the “organizer” of the shoot apical meristem in the common ancestor of seed plants or only in angiosperms. As the components of the CLE/CLAVATA module are present in the genomes and transcriptomes of the gametophytes of bryophytes and sporophytes of lycophytes, ferns and seed plants, most likely this regulatory module has evolved in the common ancestor of higher plants. Components of this module are shown to have similar functions in the regulation of apical meristems in bryophytes and angiosperms. However they have significant difference between two groups: in the latter CLE/CLAVATA module maintains the apical meristem through a feedback loop with WUS TF, while in the former this module does not interact with WOX homologs. Presence of at least two out of four of regulators of leaf development (ARP, C3HDZ, YABBY and KANADI) in hornworts, liverworts and mosses and presence of all four regulators in all bryoophytes together suggests that they all were already present in the last common ancestor of land plants. These data also indicate that the apical meristems of bryophyte gametophytes have already evolved the regulatory prerequisites for organogenesis. In sporophytes of lycophytes and ferns all the above mentioned regulators are expressed not only in primordia of lateral organs, but also in the shoot apical meristem. Together with the fact that lycophytes and some ferns have dichotomous branching, these data suggest that the program of lateral organs formation in the apical meristem could have evolved as a result of modification of the shoot dichotomy program. Presumably, the functional specificity of the same regulators in different taxa reflects the differences in the distribution and putative action of phytohormone auxin.

Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 2025;110(1):29-63
pages 29-63 views

COMMUNICATIONS

Mycorrhizal colonization of root cortex water storage cells of epiphytic orchids

Bibikov N., Voronina E., Eskov A., Ignatov M.

摘要

In contrast to terrestrial species, epiphytic orchids possess water storage elements as an adaptation to dry habitats. Tracheoidal elements are present in roots and are involved in the interaction with mycorrhizal fungi, which colonize orchid roots obligately. Lignified water storage cells are located in the cortex and perform the functional role of water storage. Among the lignified exodermis cells, thin-walled passage cells are present. These elements are essential for the exchange of water between the root and the environment. This study supports existing data indicating that passage cells are the only exodermis cells through which fungal hyphae can pass. It also presents evidence of water storage cells being colonized by mycorrhizal fungi and shows that lignified elements of cortex are less conducive to peloton formation than thin-walled cortex cells.

Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 2025;110(1):64-70
pages 64-70 views

Gynodioecy in knautia arvensis (caprifoliaceae)

Botov G., Godin V.

摘要

The gynodioecy of the herbaceous polycarpic Knautia arvensis was studied in the Moscow Region. Eight populations were examined from 2020 to 2024. The plants form two types of flowers, bisexual and pistillate, on three types of individuals: hermaphrodite (only bisexual flowers), female (only pistillate flowers), and gynomonoecious (bisexual and pistillate flowers). The bisexual flowers are complete, tetracyclic, with tetramerous perianth and androecium, and dimerous gynoecium. The marginal flowers of the floral units are irregular (transversely zygomorphic), the median ones are nearly regular (actinomorphic). In the pistillate flowers, rudiments of the androecium are preserved, represented by staminodes that do not produce pollen. Three criteria were revealed to distinguish the flowers of different sexual types: size differences (bisexual flowers are larger than pistillate ones); the ratio of the length of corolla tube to stamen filaments, and the degree of the androecium preservation after the flower fading. In the sex ratio of the eight populations, the hermaphrodite plants prevailed, from 61.5 to 68.8%. The gynomonoecious variant was the rarest, from 2.0 to 6.3%. No changes in the sex ratio in the populations were found over the five years of observation. The size dimorphism of bisexual and pistillate flowers and the presence of gynomonoecious individuals in gynodioecious species are discussed.

Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 2025;110(1):71-90
pages 71-90 views

Pollen morphology of some species of solanum and jaltomata (tribe solaneae, solanaceae)

Semenov A., D. A. Britskiy D., Tarasevich V., Gavrilova O., Grigorieva V.

摘要

The pollen morphology of 14 species of the tribe Solaneae (Solanaceae) was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy, of which the pollen of 10 species was described for the first time. The pollen morphology of previously described species is compared with our data. The validity of the inclusion of the previously isolated genera Lycopersicon and Cyphomandra in the genus Solanum, as well as the genus Hebecladus in the genus Jaltomata, is confirmed on the basis of the morphological structure of their pollen grains. Typical pollen grains of the studied species are 3-colporate, spheroidal, medium-sized, the equatorial diameter does not exceed 35 µm. Colpi are long, narrow, and the structure of endoaptures is different. The sculpture of the pollen grain surface is echinate. Pollen grains of genus Solanum are characterized by a 3-lobate outline in polar view, strongly elongated endoapertures with clear equatorial edges, and high density of spinules on pollen grain surface. Pollen grains of the genus Jaltomata are always characterized by a strictly rounded shape in polar view, endoapertures are rounded and weakly pronounced, pollen sizes, structure of apertures and sculpture of pollen grain surface are individualizing features for some of the studied species.

Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 2025;110(1):91-106
pages 91-106 views

PROTECTION OF PLANT WORLD

State of cenopopulations of lilium callosum (liliaceae) in the Khabarovsk territory

Motorykina T.

摘要

The article provides information on the state of cenopopulations of a rare species Lilium callosum in the vicinity of the villages of Nevelskoye and Argunskoye (Khabarovsk Territory). The characteristics of the phytocenoses in which the cenopopulations occur are given. Data are provided on the number of individuals in the cenopopulations, ecological density (individuals/m2), ontogenetic structure, vitality, as well as morphometric parameters of individuals to assess their condition. The measures for the protection of Lilium callosum are proposed, its cultivation in botanical gardens being considered the most effective one.

Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 2025;110(1):107-113
pages 107-113 views

CHRONICLES

VII all-russian scientific conference with international participation “algae: issues on taxonomy and ecology, monitoring and biotechnology approaches”

Abdullin S., Nikulin V., Nikulin A., Sushchenko R., Gontcharov A.

摘要

The VII All-Russian Scientific Conference with international participation “Algae: Issues on taxonomy and ecology, monitoring and biotechnology approaches” was held in Vladivostok and Primorye Territory from 16 to 20 September 2024. It was organized by the Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS and the A. V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology FEB RAS. The conference was attended by 81 participants from 51 scientific institutions in three countries: Russia (76 participants), Belarus (one), and Iran (four). There were 15 Drs Sci., 63 PhDs, and 27 young scientists (including five postgraduates and four students) among the participants. The results of fundamental and applied research in the field of phycology were reflected in five reports, including one online, during the plenary session, 83 reports, including 21 online ones, during section sessions, and 24 poster presentations. The scientific program of the conference was represented by the following sections: 1) taxonomy and systematics of cyanobacteria and algae, the genetic structure of populations and species, life cycle, and reproduction features (14 reports); 2) biochemistry, physiology, and biotechnology (24 reports); 3) diversity and geography (17 reports); 4) ecology, community structure and functioning, use in environmental quality assessment (21 reports); 5) palaeoalgology and biostratigraphy (two reports).

Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 2025;110(1):114-118
pages 114-118 views