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No 4 (2023)
Articles
Implementation of Renewable Energy and Nuclear-Hydrogen Plants in Local Power Systems (on the Example of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia))
Abstract
The ORIRES model of expansion and operation of electric power systems is modified to factor in electrolysis hydrogen plants as electricity consumers with variable demand, which improve operating conditions of the electric power systems and produce hydrogen. The modified model is used in optimization calculations of the implementation of nuclear-hydrogen plants and renewable energy sources in the local power systems of Yakutia (Western, Central, and Southern) in the context of their expansion up to 2035. The calculations showed the technical and economic feasibility of these plants in local power systems of Yakutia, and the performance capabilities of these systems themselves. The scope of implementation of renewable and nuclear-hydrogen plants into the power systems of Yakutia was identified, their daily and seasonal load was calculated, and the conditions for such an implementation and the necessary levels of incentives to ensure it were determined.
3-20
Development of “Green” Energy in Russia
Abstract
The article presents the main factors influencing the country’s transition to a “green” energy, as opposed to the energy, the development of which is accompanied by large-scale environmental pollution, as well as the accumulation of a significant amount of production and consumption waste. The results of comparative calculations of the main parameters for traditional and non-traditional power plants for the conditions of Russia are considered. The comparison was made for nuclear power plants, thermal power plants operating on coal and on natural gas; hydroelectric power station; as well as network wind farms and solar power plants – without accumulation. It is shown that a promising direction in the construction of wind and solar power plants, as well as other generating facilities based on RES, is to cover the own energy needs of various enterprises and organizations. The proposed direction of energy development is promising and economically beneficial also due to the fact that biomass in our country is one of the most common types of renewable energy sources. About 48% of the world’s peat reserves and 23–24% of timber are concentrated in Russia, as well as huge amounts of agricultural waste. The article proposes effective technical solutions in the field of energy use of biomass. It is shown that for Russia a promising direction for the modernization of the existing energy supply system is the combined use of various types of renewable energy sources and local bioenergy resources that complement each other and provide guaranteed energy supply to consumers while minimizing the required investments.
21-32
Commercialization of Construction and Operation Stages of Large-Scale Underground Accumulators of Gas and Liquid Energy Carriers
Abstract
The article describes the relevant issues associated with the reduction of capex and opex of large-scale underground accumulators of gas and liquid energy carriers by commercializing the stages of their construction and operation. It is shown that during the construction of underground storage, the generated construction brine, which is a waste product, can be a raw material for the creation of products of high consumer value for the country’s economy. Technological schemes for the production of economically useful products in cooperation with the process of constructing underground storage in rock salt deposits and the operation of an underground accumulator of natural gas are presented. All the technological schemes are developed based on highly efficient production of common and technical salt, calcined soda, chlorine, glass, hydrogen (methane-hydrogen mixture), ammonia, carbamide. It is shown that the implementation of the developed schemes of cooperation of technological complexes for the production of essential and useful for the country’s economy products significantly reduces total capital and operational costs and, consequently, the cost of the output product.
33-53
Principles of Multivariate Analysis in the Reltran Program for the Problems of Estimating Public Exposure Doses during the Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities
Abstract
The article represents the approaches introduced in the RELTRAN code developed under the FTP NRS-2 to modeling the radiation consequences for the population caused by possible releases of radioactive substances into the atmosphere during the planned work on the decommissioning of nuclear facilities. One of the tasks of the RELTRAN code is to perform calculations of the consequences of radioactive releases for the population for the tasks of justifying radiation safety. Several modeling options are considered: calculations based on average concentrations over several years, calculations based on average concentrations over several years, considering the schedule of the decommissioning process, case-study modeling approach based on historical meteorological series analysis and case-study modeling approach based on historical meteorological series analysis, considering the schedule of the decommissioning process. It was obtained that, depending on the duration of the planned process and depending on the season, the results differ significantly, for medium-term work, their seasonality becomes an important factor, at the same time, work with conditionally constant emissions lasting more than 6 months has a negligible uncertainty associated with time start of work.
54-65
Heat Efficiency in Municipalities
Abstract
A complex analysis of heat supply systems from the standpoint of reliability, efficiency and environmental friendliness has been carried out. It has been revealed that in heat supply systems the weakest link in terms of reliability is heat networks. The main number of accidents accompanied by interruption of thermal energy supply occurs on them. The cost and availability are the basis for the efficiency of the primary energy resources used, including: the energy efficiency of technologies, their conversion into useful types of energy, as well as the amount of losses in the transfer of thermal energy to heat receivers. Environmental friendliness is determined by the volume of harmful emissions during the production and transmission of the heat conductor. Methods for improving the indicated properties of heat supply systems are proposed, which is especially important for small, medium and large cities, where boiler houses are the basis of heat supply systems. It is shown that the inclusion of cogeneration sources in the composition of heat supply systems contributes to the growth of their energy efficiency. Peak sources of thermal energy, located in close proximity to heat sinks, can reduce heat losses and increase the reliability of heat networks. With the increase in the availability of electricity, prerequisites arise for the use of electric boilers as peak sources of thermal energy. The proposed changes should be included in the Heat Supply Schemes developed by municipal authorities, which should be supported by the expert community in order to increase the investment attractiveness of the thermal power industry.
66-78