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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">88702</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ2022-552</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical and clinical medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретическая и клиническая медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiological assessment of factors associated with late diagnosis of HIV infection</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиологическая оценка факторов, ассоциированных с поздней диагностикой ВИЧ-инфекции</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-2576</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6507469219</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6704-2840</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khasanova</surname><given-names>Gulshat R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хасанова</surname><given-names>Гульшат Рашатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Head, Depart. of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. мед. наук, проф., зав. каф., каф. эпидемиологии и доказательной медицины</p></bio><email>gulshatra@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4733-6911</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57200421742</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2079-1833</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Agliullina</surname><given-names>Saida T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аглиуллина</surname><given-names>Саида Тахировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Lecturer, Depart. of Epidemiology and EBM</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ст. преподаватель, каф. эпидемиологии и доказательной медицины</p></bio><email>saida.agliullina@kazangmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9713-3245</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruykova</surname><given-names>Lidia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крюкова</surname><given-names>Лидия Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., Resident, Depart. of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор, каф. эпидемиологии и доказательной медицины</p></bio><email>liddija@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0257-8466</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gilmutdinova</surname><given-names>Guliya R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гильмутдинова</surname><given-names>Гулия Ринатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., Epidemiologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-эпидемиолог</p></bio><email>almieva14@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-6712</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55888997900</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nagimova</surname><given-names>Firaya I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нагимова</surname><given-names>Фирая Идиятулловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., Cand. Sci. (Med.), Deputy Chief Doctor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, зам. глав. врача по медицинской части</p></bio><email>nagimova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2665-6695</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galiullin</surname><given-names>Niyaz I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галиуллин</surname><given-names>Нияз Ильясович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., Cand. Sci. (Med.), Chief Doctor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, глав. врач</p></bio><email>centre_spid@tatar.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">喀山国立医科大学</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканский центр по профилактике и борьбе со СПИД и инфекционными заболеваниями</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Татарстан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>552</fpage><lpage>560</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-11-19"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-06-27"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-08-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/88702">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/88702</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> Late diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection contributes to its spread and becomes an obstacle to achieving the goal of early treatment.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> To conduct an epidemiological analysis of factors associated with late diagnosis of HIV infection.</p> <p><bold>Material and methods.</bold> The study included data from 348 patients over 18 years of age living in Kazan, who were diagnosed with HIV infection for the first time in 2019. The proportion of patients with late diagnosis of HIV infection was determined. The criteria for late diagnosis were the level of CD4+-lymphocytes less than 200 cells/mm3 and/or the presence of 4 HIV stage (stage of secondary diseases) at the time of diagnosis. The assessment of the influence of probable factors on the timeliness of diagnosis was carried out using binary logistic regression. The regression model included data from 307 people who managed to determine the timeliness of diagnosis. For each factor, odds ratios were calculated (unadjusted — based on the results of univariate analysis, adjusted — based on the results of multivariate analysis), as well as their 95% confidence intervals.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Late diagnosis of HIV infection was noted in 32.6% of cases. Examination for clinical indications was associated with late diagnosis in comparison with examination for preventive purposes (adjusted odds ratio 2.427, 95% confidence interval 1.184–4.973). The age of 50 years and older was associated with late diagnosis compared with patients 30–49 years of age (adjusted odds ratio 3.348, 95% confidence interval 1.542–7.265).The chances of late diagnosis under the age of 30 years are 5 times lower than in the 30–49 year old group (adjusted odds ratio 0.200, 95% confidence interval 0.072–0.556). The odds of late diagnosis are significantly higher among people who become infected through parenteral transmission through injecting drug use compared to those who become infected through sexual (heterosexual) transmission (adjusted odds ratio 2.012, 95% confidence interval 1.042–3.885).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> In order to control the spread of HIV infection in the population, it is necessary to increase the coverage of HIV screening testing for all population groups, especially the older age group and injecting drug users.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> Поздняя диагностика инфекции, вызванной вирусом иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ), способствует её распространению и становится преградой на пути достижения цели раннего лечения.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Провести эпидемиологический анализ факторов, ассоциированных с поздней диагностикой ВИЧ-инфекции.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы исследования.</bold> В исследование были включены данные 348 пациентов старше 18 лет, проживающих в г. Казани, у которых в 2019 г. впервые выявлена ВИЧ-инфекция. Определена доля пациентов с поздней диагностикой ВИЧ-инфекции. Критериями поздней диагностики считали уровень CD4+-лимфоцитов менее 200 клеток/мм3 и/или выявление у пациента 4-й стадии заболевания на момент постановки диагноза. Оценка влияния вероятных факторов на своевременность диагностики проведена при помощи бинарной логистической регрессии. В регрессионную модель вошли данные 307 человек, у которых удалось определить своевременность диагностики. Для каждого фактора рассчитаны показатели отношения шансов (нескорректированные — по результатам однофакторного анализа, скорректированные — по результатам многофакторного анализа), а также их 95% доверительные интервалы.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Поздняя диагностика ВИЧ-инфекции отмечена в 32,6% случаев. Обследование по клиническим показаниям было ассоциировано с поздней диагностикой в сравнении с обследованием с профилактической целью (скорректированное отношение шансов 2,427, 95% доверительный интервал 1,184–4,973). Возраст 50 лет и старше был ассоциирован с поздней диагностикой в сравнении с пациентами 30–49 лет (скорректированное отношение шансов 3,348, 95% доверительный интервал 1,542–7,265). Шансы поздней диагностики в возрасте до 30 лет в 5 раз ниже, чем в группе 30–49 лет (скорректированное отношение шансов 0,200, 95% доверительный интервал 0,072–0,556). Шансы поздней диагностики значимо выше среди людей, заразившихся парентеральным путём при употреблении инъекционных наркотиков, в сравнении с заразившимися половым (гетеросексуальным) путём (скорректированное отношение шансов 2,012, 95% доверительный интервал 1,042–3,885).</p> <p><bold>Вывод.</bold> Для сдерживания распространения ВИЧ-инфекции в популяции необходимо повышение охвата скрининговым тестированием на ВИЧ-инфекцию всех групп населения, особенно старшей возрастной группы и потребителей инъекционных наркотиков.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV infections</kwd><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>delayed diagnosis</kwd><kwd>late diagnosis</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ-инфекция</kwd><kwd>ВИЧ</kwd><kwd>отсроченная диагностика</kwd><kwd>поздняя диагностика</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Global HIV &amp; AIDS statistics — Fact sheet. 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