<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">79936</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ2022-628</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Problems and achievements in the study of clinical and genetic aspects of cystic fibrosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Проблемы и достижения в изучении клинико-генетических аспектов муковисцидоза</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6175-9764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ayupova</surname><given-names>Guzel R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аюпова</surname><given-names>Гузель Рамилевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgrad. Stud., Depart. of Medical Genetics and Fundamental Medicine; Pediatrician</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, каф. медицинской генетики и фундаментальной медицины; врач-педиатр</p></bio><email>guzel8319@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7045-8215</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Minniakhmetov</surname><given-names>Ildar R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минниахметов</surname><given-names>Илдар Рамилевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Assoc. Prof., Depart. of Medical Genetics and Fundamental Medicine; Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доц., каф. медицинской генетики и фундаментальной медицины; директор</p></bio><email>minniakhmetov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8643-850X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusainova</surname><given-names>Rita I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хусаинова</surname><given-names>Рита Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), Prof., Depart. of Medical Genetics and Fundamental Medicine; Deputy Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. биол. наук, проф., каф. медицинской генетики и фундаментальной медицины; зам. директора по лабораторно-­диагностической работе</p></bio><email>ritakh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Medical Genetic Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканский медико-генетический центр</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>628</fpage><lpage>640</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-09-11"><day>11</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-06-22"><day>22</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-08-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/79936">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/79936</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cystic fibrosis is a common hereditary autosomal recessive disease characterized by pronounced genetic heterogeneity, associated clinical polymorphism, severe course and prognosis. The disease occurs worldwide in representatives of various populations and ethnic groups, with equal frequency among the male and female population. The molecular pathogenesis of the disease is based on disturbances in the synthesis, structure and function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR), which leads to various functional disorders in the work of chloride channels. As a result, the viscosity of secretions increases and exocrinopathy develops, which leads to disruption in the functioning of all organs and systems. The main cause of cystic fibrosis is a mutation in the CFTR gene. There are seven genetic classes of mutations in the CFTR gene, they mainly determine the severity of the disease. The main criterion in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is an increase in the concentration of chlorine ions in the secretion of sweat glands of more than 60 mmol/l when performing a sweat test using the classical Gibson–Cook method. An exception is a mutation in the CFTR– 3849+10kbC&gt;T gene, which is associated with a normal or borderline sweat test result. For a long time, the treatment of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis was symptomatic, while the course of the disease remained severe and led to early mortality of patients. However, in recent decades, modern achievements in the field of studying the molecular genetic aspects of cystic fibrosis have made it possible to make a scientific breakthrough in the creation of pathogenetic therapy for this disease. New effective drugs that improve the health of patients and their quality of life have appeared. The relevance of studying the molecular mechanism of the disease for the development of a personalized approach in the treatment of cystic fibrosis is increasing, which is a promising direction on the way to gaining health for this category of patients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Муковисцидоз — частое наследственное аутосомно-рецессивное заболевание, отличающееся выраженной генетической гетерогенностью, связанным с ней клиническим полиморфизмом, тяжёлым течением и прогнозом. Заболевание встречается в мире у представителей различных популяций и этнических групп, с равной частотой среди мужского и женского населения. В основе молекулярного патогенеза заболевания лежат нарушения синтеза, структуры и функции белка трансмембранного регулятора проводимости муковисцидоза (CFTR — от англ. Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator), что приводит к различным функциональным нарушениям в работе хлорных каналов. Как следствие этого увеличивается вязкость секретов и развивается экзокринопатия, что приводит к нарушению в работе многих органов и систем. Главная причина развития муковисцидоза — мутация в гене CFTR. Выделяют семь генетических классов мутаций в гене CFTR, они главным образом определяют тяжесть заболевания. Основным критерием в постановке диагноза «муковисцидоз» считают увеличение концентрации ионов хлора в секрете потовых желёз более 60 ммоль/л при постановке потового теста классическим методом по Гибсону–Куку. Исключение составляет мутация в гене CFTR– 3849+10kbC&gt;T, ассоциированная с нормальным или пограничным результатом потовых проб. Долгое время лечение пациентов, страдающих муковисцидозом, было симптоматическим, при этом течение заболевания оставалось тяжёлым и приводило к ранней летальности пациентов. Однако в последние десятилетия современные достижения в области изучения молекулярно-генетических аспектов муковисцидоза позволили совершить научный прорыв в создании патогенетической терапии данного заболевания. Появились новые эффективные препараты, которые способствуют улучшению состояния здоровья пациентов и качества их жизни. Возрастает актуальность изучения молекулярного механизма заболевания для развития персонализированного подхода в лечении муковисцидоза, что является перспективным направлением на пути к обретению здоровья для данной категории пациентов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cystic fibrosis</kwd><kwd>history</kwd><kwd>genetics</kwd><kwd>clinical picture</kwd><kwd>neonatal screening</kwd><kwd>DNA diagnostics</kwd><kwd>cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR)</kwd><kwd>targeted therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>муковисцидоз</kwd><kwd>история</kwd><kwd>генетика</kwd><kwd>клиническая картина</kwd><kwd>неонатальный скрининг</kwd><kwd>ДНК-диагностика</kwd><kwd>ген трансмембранный регулятор проводимости муковисцидоза CFTR</kwd><kwd>таргетная терапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zvereff Val V, Faruki Hawazin, Edwards Marcia, Friedman Kenneth J. Cystic fibrosis carrier screening in a North American population. Genet Med. 2014;7:539–546. DOI: 10.1038/gim.2013.188.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapranov NI. Cystic fibrosis. The current state of the problem. Pul’monologiya. 2006(suppl):5–11. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Капранов Н.И. Муковисцидоз. Современное состояние проблемы. Пульмонология. 2006(приложение):5–11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voronkova AYu, Amelina EL, Kashirskaya NYu, Kondrat’evа EI. Registr bol'nykh mukovistsidozom v Rossiyskoy Federatsii. 2019 god. (Russian Federation cystic fibrosis patients Register. 2019 year.) Moscow: Medpraktika-M; 2021. 68 р. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воронкова А.Ю., Амелина Е.Л., Каширская Н.Ю., Кондратьева Е.И. Регистр больных муковисцидозом в Российской Федерации. 2019 год. М.: Медпрактика-М; 2021. 68 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Baatallah N, Bitam S, Martin N, Servel N, Costes B, Mekki C, Chevalier B, Pranke I, Simonin J, Girodon E, Hoffmann B, Mornon JP, Callebaut I, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Fanen P, Edelman A, Hinzpeter A. Cis variants identified in F508del complex alleles modulate CFTR channel rescue by small molecules. Hum Mutat. 2018;39(4):506–514. DOI: 10.1002/humu.23389.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Southern KW, Patel S, Sinha IP, Nevitt SJ. Correctors (specific therapies for class II CFTR mutations) for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;8(8):CD010966. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010966.pub2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Hong-Xia Wu, Min Zhu, Xiao-Feng Xiong, Jia Wei, Kai-Quan Zhuo, De-Yun Cheng. Efficacy and safety of CFTR corrector and potentiator combination therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis for the F508del-CFTR homozygous mutation: A systematic review and meta-analsis. Adv Ther. 2019;36(2):451–461. DOI: 10.1007/s12325-018-0860-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Wainwright CE, Elborn JS, Ramsey BW, Marigowda G, Xiaohong H, Cipolli M, Colombo C, Davies JC, De Boeck K, Flume PA, Konstan MW, McColley SA, -McCoy K, McKone EF, Munck A, Ratjen F, Rowe SM, Waltz D, Boyle MP, TRAFFIC Study Group; TRANSPORT Study Group. Lumacaftor-ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis homozygous for Phe508del CFTR. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(3):220–231. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1409547.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>James Littlewood OBE. The history of cystic fibrosis by Dr. James Littlewood O.B.E. 2018. http://www.cfmedicine.com/history (access date: 20.02.2018).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Andersen DH. Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and its relation to celiac disease: a clinical and pathological study. Am J Dis Child. 1938;56(2):344–399. DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1938.01980140114013.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Hunter MJ, Treharne KJ, Winter AK, Cassidy DM, Land S, Mehta A. Expression of wild-type CFTR suppres¬ses NF-κB-Driven inflammatory signaling. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(7):e11598. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011598.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Stollar F, Adde FV, Cunha MT, Leone C, Rodrigues JC. Shwachman–Kulczycki score still useful to monitor cystic fibrosis severity. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(6):979–983. DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000600010.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Hoiby N, Flensborg EW, Beck B, Friis B, Jacobsen SV, Jacobsen L. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa precipitins determined by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Scand J Respir Dis. 1977;58(2):65-79. PMID: 404701.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Ramsey BW, Pepe MS, Quan JM, Otto KL, Montgomery AB, Williams-Warren J, Vasiljev KM, Boro¬witz D, Bowman CM, Marshall BC, Marshall S, Smith AL. Intermittent administration of inhaled tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis Inhaled Tobramycin Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(1):23–30. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199901073400104.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Matthews LW, Doershuk CF, Wise M, Eddy G, Nudelman H, Spector S. A therapeutic regimen for patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr. 1964;65:558–575. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(64)80290-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Kraemer R, Rüdeberg A, Hadorn B, Rossi E. Relative underweight in cystic fibrosis and its prognostic value. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1978;67(1):33–37. DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1978.tb16273.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Pearson H. Human genetics: One gene, twenty years. Nature. 2009;460(7252):164–169. DOI: 10.1038/460164a.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Go-lubtsova OI, Krasovsky SA, Pavlov PI, Polyakov AV, Stepanova AA, Usacheva MV. Features of cystic fibrosis in the Chuvash Republic. Pulmonologiya. 2013;(3):80–88. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2013-0-3-80-88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голубцова О.И., Красовский С.А., Павлов П.И., Поляков А.В., Степанова А.А., Усачёва М.В. Особенности муковисцидоза у пациентов, жителей Чувашской Республики. Пульмонология. 2013;(3):80–88. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2013-0-3-80-88.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapranov NI, Kashirskaya NYu. Mukovistsidoz. (Cystic fibrosis.) Moscow: Medpraktika-M; 2014. 672 р. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Капранов Н.И., Каширская Н.Ю. Муковисцидоз. М.: Медпрактика-М; 2014. 672 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapranov NI, Kashirskaya NYu, Asherova IK, Kondratyeva EI, Sherman VD. Historical and modern aspects of cystic fibrosis in Russia. Pediatric pharmacology. 2013;10(6):53–60. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.15690/pf.v10i6.896.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Капранов Н.И., Каширская Н.Ю., Ашерова И.К., Кондратьева Е.И., Шерман В.Д. Исторические и современные аспекты муковисцидоза в России. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2013;10(6):53–60. DOI: 10.15690/pf.v10i6.896.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondrat’eva EI, Kashirskaya NYu, Kapranov NI. Natsional'nyy konsensus «Mukovistsidoz: opredelenie, diagnosticheskie kriterii, terapiya». (National consensus “Cystic fibrosis: definition, diagnostic criteria, therapy”.) Moscow: Borges; 2016. 205 р. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кондратьева Е.И., Каширская Н.Ю., Капранов Н.И. Национальный консенсус «Муковисцидоз: определение, диагностические критерии, терапия». М.: Боргес; 2016. 205 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kistoznyy fibroz (mukovistsidoz). Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. 2021. (Cystic fibrosis. Clinical guidelines. 2021.) https://mukoviscidoz.org/klinicheskie-rekomendatsii-kistoznyj-fibroz-mukovistsidoz-2020.html (access date: 13.10.2021). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кистозный фиброз (муковисцидоз). Клинические рекомендации. 2021. rekomendatsii-kistoznyj-fibroz-mukovistsidoz-2020.html (дата обращения: 13.10.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Fajac I, Wainwright CE. New treatments targeting the basic defects in cystic fibrosis. Presse Med. 2017;46(6 Pt 2):e165–e175. DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.01.024.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondratyeva EI, Amelina EL, Chernukha MYu, Sherman VD, Krasovskiy SA, Kashirskaya NYu, Simonova OI, Avdeev SN, Na¬mazova-Baranova LS, Gembitskaya TE, Kutsev SI. Review of clinical guidelines “Cystic fibrosis”, 2020. Pulmonolo¬giya. 2021;31(2):135–146. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-2-135-146.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кондратьева Е.И., Амелина Е.Л., Чернуха М.Ю., Шерман В.Д., Красовский С.А., Каширская Н.Ю., Симонова О.И., Авдеев С.Н., Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Гембицкая Т.Е., Куцев С.И. Обзор клинических рекомендаций «Кистозный фиброз (муковисцидоз)» 2020. Пульмонология. 2021;31(2):135–146. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-2-135-146.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Crossley JR, Elliott RB, Smith PA. Dried blood spot screening for cystic fibrosis in the newborn. Lancet. 1979;313(8114):472–474. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)90825-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Castellani C, Southern KW, Brownlee K, Dan¬kert Roelse J, Duff A, Farrell M, Mehta A, Munck A, Pollitt R, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Wilcken B, Ballmann M, Corbetta C, de Monestrol I, Farrell P, Feilcke M, Férec C, Gartner S, Gaskin K, Hammermann J, Kashirskaya N, Loeber G, Macek MJr, Mehta G, Reiman A, Rizzotti P, Sammon A, Sands D, Smyth A, Sommerburg O, Torresani T, Travert G, Vernooij A, Elborn S. European best practice guidelines for cystic fibrosis neonatal screening. J Cyst Fibros. 2009;8(3):153–173. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2009.01.004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tolstova VD, Kashirskaya NYu, Kapranov NI. Mass screening of newborns for cystic fibrosis in Russia. Pharmateka. 2008;(1):38–44. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Толстова В.Д., Каширская Н.Ю., Капранов Н.И. Массовый скрининг новорождённых на муковисцидоз в России. Фарматека. 2008;(1):38–44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Cheillan D, Vercherat M, Chevalier-Porst F, Charcosset M, Rolland MO, Dorche C. False-positive results in neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis based on a three-stage protocol (IRT/DNA/IRT): should we adjust IRT cut-off to ethnic origin? J Inherit Metab Disease. 2005;28:813–818. DOI: 10.1007/s10545-005-0067-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapranov NI, Kashirskaya NYu. Mukovistsidoz. Sovremennye dostizheniya i aktual'nye problemy. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii. Izdanie 3-e, pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe. (Cystic fibrosis. Modern achievements and current problems. Methodological recommendations. 3rd edition, revised and expanded.) M.: LLC “4TE Art”; 2008. 124 р. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Капранов Н.И., Каширская Н.Ю. Муковисцидоз. Современные достижения и актуальные проблемы. Методические рекомендации. Издание 3-е, переработанное и дополненное. М.: ООО «4ТЕ Арт»; 2008. 124 с. .</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Giusti R. New York State Cystic Fibrosis Newborn Screening Consortium. Elevated IRT levels in African — American infants: implications for newborn screening in an ethnically diverse population. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008;43:638–641. DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20824.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amelina EL, Efremova AS, Melyanovskaya YuL, Bulatenko NV, Bukharova TB, Kashirskaya NYu, Krasovskiy SA, Goldshtein DV. Functional tests for assessment of residual CFTR channel activity and persona¬lized selection of efficacious CFTR-modulators for cystic fibrosis patients with “mild” and “severe”: genetic variants. Pulmonologiya. 2021;31(2):167–177. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-2-167-177.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Амелина Е.Л., Ефремова А.С., Мельяновская Ю.Л., Булатенко Н.В., Бухарова Т.Б., Каширская Н.Ю., Красовский С.А., Гольдштейн Д.В. Использование функциональных тестов для оценки остаточной активности канала CFTR и индивидуального подбора эффективных CFTR-модуляторов для лечения пациентов с муковисцидозом с «мягким» и «тяжёлым» генетическими вариантами. Пульмонология. 2021;31(2):167–177. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-2-167-177.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Efremova AS, Melyanovskaya YuL, Bulatenko NV, Odinaeva ND, Orlov AV, Pashkevich AA, Adyan TA, Kondratyeva EI. Description of rare alleles of the CFTR gene in cystic fibrosis using functional tests and forskolin-induced swelling assay in rectal organoids. Pulmonologiya. 2021;31(2):178–188. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-2-178-188.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ефремова А.С., Мельяновская Ю.Л., Булатенко Н.В., Одинаева Н.Д., Орлов А.В., Пашкевич А.А., Адян Т.А., Кондратьева Е.И. Описание редких аллелей гена CFTR при муковисцидозе с помощью функциональных тестов и форсколинового теста на ректальных органоидах. Пульмонология. 2021;31(2):178–188. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-2-178-188.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kutsev SI, Izhevskaya VL, Kondratyeva EI. Targeted therapy for cystic fibrosis. Pulmonologiya. 2021;31(2):226–236. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-2-226-236.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Куцев С.И., Ижевская В.Л., Кондратьева Е.И. Таргетная терапия при муковисцидозе. Пульмонология. 2021;31(2):226–236. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-2-226-236.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Jungas T, Motta I, Duffieux F, Fanen P, Stoven V, Ojcius DM. Glutathione levels and BAX activation during apoptosis due to oxidative stress in cells expressing wild-type and mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(31):27912–27918. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M110288200.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Kogan I, Ramjeesingh M, Li C, Kidd JF, Wang Y, Leslie EM, Cole SPC, Bear CE. CFTR directly mediates nucleotide-regulated glutathione flux. EMBO J. 2003;22(9):1981–1989. DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg194.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Castellani C, Cuppens H, Macek MJr, Cassiman JJ, Kerem E, Durie P. Consensus on the use and interpretation of cystic fibrosis muttion analysis in clinical practice. J Cyst Fibros. 2008;7(3):179–196. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2008.03.009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Petrova NV, Kashirskaya NY, Krasovskiy SA, Amelina EL, Kondratyeva EI, Marakhonov AV, Vasilyeva TA, Voronkova AY, Sherman VD, Ginter EK, Kutsev SI, Zinchenko RA. Clinical presentation of the c.3844T&gt;C (p.Trp1282Arg, W1282R) variant in Russian cystic fibrosis patients. Genes. 2020;11(10):1137. DOI: 10.3390/genes11101137.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Castellani C, Cuppens H, Macek MJr, Cassiman JJ, Kerem E, Durie P, Tullis E, Assael BM, Bombieri C, Brown A, Casals T, Claustres M, Cutting GR, Dequeker E, Dodgel J, Doullm I, Farrell P, Ferec C, Girodon E, Johannesson M, Kerem B, Knowles M, Munckt A, Pignatti PF, Radojkovic D, Rizzotti P, Schwarz M, Stuhrmann M, Tzetis M, Zielenski J, Elborn JS. Consensus on the use and interpretation of cystic fibrosis muttion ana¬lysis in clinical practice. J Cyst Fibros. 2008;7(3):179–196. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2008.03.009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Brennan M-L, Schrijver I. A review of associated phenotypes, use of molecular diagnostic approaches, genetic characteristics, progress, and dilemmas. J Mol Diagn. 2016;18(1):3–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.06.010.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnikhina SA, Lavrov AV. Gene the¬rapy of hereditary diseases by CRISRP/Cas9 technology in vivo. Meditsinskaya genetika. 2016;15(9):3–11. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнихина С.А., Лавров А.В. Генная терапия наследственных заболеваний с помощью технологии CRISPR/Cas9 in vivo. Медицинская генетика. 2016;15(9):3–11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Van Goor F, Hadida S, Grootenhuis PD, Burton B, Cao D, Neuberger T, Turnbull A, Singh A, Joubran J, Hazlewood A, Zhou J, McCartney J, Arumugam V, Decker C, Yang J, Young C, Olson ER, Wine JJ, Frizzell RA, Ashlock M, Negulescu P. Rescue of CF airway epithelial cell function in vitro by a CFTR potentiator, VX-770. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(44):18825–18830. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904709106.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Taylor-Cousar JL, Munck A, McKone EF, van der Ent CK, Moeller A, Simard C, Wang LT, Ingenito EP, ¬McKee C, Lu Y, Lekstrom-Himes J, Elborn JS. Tezacaftor-Ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis homozygous for Phe508del. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(21):2013–2023. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1709846.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Flume PA, Liou TG, Borowitz DS, Li H, Yen K, Ordoñez CL, Geller DE, VX 08-770-104 Study Group. Ivacaftor in subjects with cystic fibrosis who are homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation. Chest. 2012;142(3):718–724. DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2672.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, Bick D, Das S, Gastier-Foster J, Grody WW, Hegde M, Lyon E, Spector E, Voelkerding K, Rehm HL, the ACMG Laboratory Quality Assurance Committee. Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus re¬commendation of the American College of Medical Gene¬tics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med. 2015;17(5):405–424. DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.30.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
