Kazan medical journalKazan medical journalКазанский медицинский журнал0368-48142587-9359Eco-Vector7723810.17816/KMJ2022-259ReviewsОбзорыReview ArticleMetal-ligand forms of iron and zinc in the human bodyМеталло-лигандные формы железа и цинка в организмеhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6378-452256191782800NotovaSvetlana V.НотоваСветлана Викторовна
Russian Federation

M.D., Doct. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Chief Researcher

докт. мед. наук, проф., главн. науч. сотр.

molgav1995@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3717-45337004416006KazakovaTatyana V.КазаковаТатьяна Витальевна
Russian Federation

M.D., Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Research and Metallomics in Animal Husbandry

мл. науч. сотр., лаборатория молекулярно-генетических исследований и металломики в животноводстве

vaisvais13@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5611-512857212193944MarshinskayaOlga V.МаршинскаяОльга Владимировна
Russian Federation

M.D., Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Research and Metallomics in Animal Husbandry

мл. науч. сотр., лаборатория молекулярно-генетических исследований и металломики в животноводстве

m.olja2013@yandex.ruShoshinaOksana V.ШошинаОксана Вячеславовна
Russian Federation

M.D., PhD student

аспирант

efftreaty@yandex.ruFederal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Федеральный научный центр биологических систем и агротехнологий Российской академии наукFederal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of SciencesФедеральный научный центр биологических систем и агротехнологий Российской академии наук1204202210322592680208202102022022Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор2022Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/77238

Metals have a wide range of effects on biological processes, playing an important role in maintaining the functioning of the human body. However, many metals, including essential elements, can have a toxic effect on the body, leading to pathological processes. The biological role of an element depends on a number of physicochemical facts, such as the oxidation degree and the formation of metal-ligand organic and inorganic complexes. For example, most of the iron binds to transferrin and ferritin ensuring the safe transportation of the fenton-active trivalent metal ions in the bloodstream. Free Fe3+ ions lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species and further damage of cell structures. Thus, the chemical form of the element determines the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of metals. Knowledge in total exposure of elements in biological fluids is not enough to understand the complex mechanism of biological and abnormal reactions. It is necessary to study the interaction of metal elements with various ligands such as high- and low-molecular compounds (proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, citrates, amino acids). In this regard, the application of modern analytical methods is becoming increasingly important to obtain qualitative and quantitative data on elements, ionic forms, speciation and functions in biological systems. The combination of these methods is called “speciation analysis”, which is a well-established way to study the biological role and metabolism of trace ­elements. This article reviews the main metal-ligand forms of iron (transferrin, albumin, ferritin and citrate) and zinc (albumin, α2-macroglobulin, IgG, transcuprein, metallothioneins, ZIP and ZnT transporters). This information can be useful both in fundamental and applied researches in the biology and medicine.

Металлы оказывают широкий спектр действий на биологические процессы, играя важную роль в поддержании функционирования организма. Однако многие металлы, включая эссенциальные элементы, могут оказывать токсическое воздействие на организм, приводя к патологическим процессам. Биологическая роль элемента зависит от ряда физико-химических фактов, таких как степень его окисления, образование металл-лигандных органических и неорганических комплексов. Примером может служить железо, большая часть которого связывается с трансферрином и ферритином, тем самым обеспечивая безопасную транспортировку фентон-активного трёхвалентного иона металла в кровотоке, в то время как свободные ионы Fe3+ способствуют образованию активных форм кислорода и дальнейшему повреждению структур клеток. Таким образом, химическая форма элемента определяет токсикокинетику и токсикодинамику металлов. Знания валового содержания элементов в биологических жидкостях недостаточно для понимания сложного механизма биологических и аномальных реакций, необходимо изучать взаимодействие металлических элементов с различными лигандами, в качестве которых могут выступать высоко- и низкомолекулярные соединения (белки, полисахариды, нуклеиновые кислоты, цитраты, аминокислоты). В связи с этим всё большее значение приобретает использование современных аналитических методов для получения качественных и количественных данных об элементах, ионных формах, видообразовании и функциях в биологических системах. Совокупность данных методов получила название «speciation analysis» (анализ видообразования), который служит хорошо зарекомендовавшим себя способом изучения биологической роли и метаболизма микроэлементов. В данной статье рассмотрены основные металл-лигандные формы железа (трансферрин, альбумин, ферритин и цитрат) и цинка (альбумин, α2-макроглобулин, иммуноглобулин G, транскупреин, металлотионеины, ZIP- и ZnT-транспортёры). Данная информация может быть полезна как в фундаментальных, так и в прикладных работах в области биологии и медицины.

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