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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">702550</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ702550</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZXMMZC</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Frailty as a predictor of postoperative complications and survival after pancreatoduodenectomy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Хрупкость как предиктор послеоперационных осложнений и выживаемости после панкреатодуоденальной резекции</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>中文标题：衰弱作为胰十二指肠切除术后并发症及生存率的预测因素</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-1390</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7794-4210</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorov</surname><given-names>Vasiliy I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егоров</surname><given-names>Василий Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>drvasiliy21@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2761-3228</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakhmatullin</surname><given-names>Bulat F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рахматуллин</surname><given-names>Булат Фанисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rachmatullin95@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Clinical Oncology Dispensary named after Professor M.Z. Sigal</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканский клинический онкологический диспансер им. проф. М.З. Сигала</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>107</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>385</fpage><lpage>396</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-11"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-01"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-06-15"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/702550">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/702550</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the context of an aging population, the number of older and elderly patients requiring pancreatoduodenectomy is growing. Chronological age is not a reliable predictor of outcomes, whereas frailty syndrome, reflecting biological age, serves as a key risk factor for postoperative complications and adverse outcomes. Frailty, defined as a state of reduced physiological reserves, is a powerful independent predictor of postoperative outcomes. It is associated with a marked increase in the risk of 30day mortality (by 1.5–2.5 times), the overall frequency, and development of serious complications, including those specific to pancreaticobiliary surgery. Frail patients have longer hospital stays and are significantly more likely to require discharge to rehabilitation facilities. In the long term, frailty negatively impacts overall survival, increases the risks of functional complications and deterioration in quality of life, and also reduces the likelihood of receiving adjuvant cancer therapy.</p> <p>Various instruments are used to assess frailty (Fried phenotype, modified frailty index, clinical frailty scale); their integration into preoperative evaluation allows for improved risk stratification. Optimization strategies aimed at correcting identified deficits include preoperative prehabilitation (a combination of physical training, nutritional support, and psychological support), implementation of enhanced recovery protocols, multimodal analgesia, and multidisciplinary management involving a geriatrician and an intensivist. For patients over 80 years of age, the decision to proceed with surgery should be based not on chronological age but on a comprehensive assessment of biological age, functional reserves, and the feasibility of adjuvant therapy.</p> <p>Routine frailty assessment and subsequent targeted, multistep optimization of patient management within a multidisciplinary approach are essential prerequisites for improving the safety and outcomes of pancreatoduodenectomy in older patients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В условиях старения населения растёт число пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста, которым необходимо выполнение панкреатодуоденальной резекции. Хронологический возраст не является надёжным предиктором исходов, в то время как синдром хрупкости, отражающий биологический возраст, служит ключевым фактором риска послеоперационных осложнений и неблагоприятных исходов. Хрупкость, определяемая как состояние сниженных физиологических резервов, выступает мощным независимым предиктором послеоперационных результатов. Она ассоциирована со значительным повышением риска 30-дневной летальности (в 1,5–2,5 раза), общей частоты и развития серьёзных осложнений, включая специфические для панкреатобилиарной хирургии. Хрупкие пациенты имеют более длительную продолжительность госпитализации и значимо чаще требуют выписки в учреждения реабилитации. В отдалённом периоде хрупкость негативно влияет на общую выживаемость, повышает риски функциональных осложнений и ухудшения качества жизни, а также снижает вероятность получения адъювантной противоопухолевой терапии.</p> <p>Для оценки хрупкости применяются различные инструменты (фенотип Фрида, модифицированный индекс хрупкости, клиническая шкала хрупкости), интегрирование которых в предоперационное обследование позволяет улучшить стратификацию риска. Стратегии оптимизации, направленные на коррекцию выявленных дефицитов, включают предоперационную пререабилитацию (комбинация физических тренировок, нутритивной и психологической поддержки), внедрение протоколов ускоренной реабилитации, мультимодальную анальгезию и мультидисциплинарное ведение с участием гериатра, анестезиолога-реаниматолога. Для пациентов старше 80 лет решение о хирургическом лечении должно основываться не на хронологическом возрасте, а на комплексной оценке биологического возраста, функциональных резервов и возможности проведения адъювантной терапии.</p> <p>Рутинная оценка хрупкости и последующая целенаправленная, многоэтапная оптимизация ведения пациента в рамках мультидисциплинарного подхода являются обязательными условиями для повышения безопасности и улучшения результатов панкреатодуоденальной резекции у гериатрических пациентов.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>随着人口老龄化进程的加剧，需要接受胰十二指肠切除术的高龄及衰弱患者数量日益增加。时间年龄并非手术结局的可靠预测指标，而反映生物学年龄的“衰弱综合征”则是导致术后并发症及不良预后的关键风险因素。衰弱被定义为生理储备下降的状态，是术后临床转归公认的独立强预测指标。研究表明，衰弱与30天死亡率（风险增加1.5至2.5倍）、术后总体并发症及严重并发症（包括胆胰外科手术特有并发症）发生率的显著升高密切相关。衰弱患者的住院时间通常更长，且出院后转入康复机构的需求明显增加。在远期预后方面，衰弱对总生存率具有负面影响，不仅增加了功能性并发症的风险及生活质量下降的可能性，还降低了患者获得术后辅助抗肿瘤治疗的机会。</p> <p>目前，评估衰弱的常用工具包括弗里德（Fried）量表、改良衰弱指数及临床衰弱量表。将这些工具纳入术前常规评估流程，有助于提升风险分层的精确度。现有的优化策略旨在通过纠正已识别的生理缺陷来改善患者状况，其中包括术前预康复（通过结合体力训练、营养支持及心理干预）、实施加速康复外科方案、多模式镇痛，以及由老年科医生、麻醉科医生和重症医学科医生参与的多学科联合诊疗。针对80岁以上的高龄患者，手术治疗决策不应仅基于时间年龄，而应基于对其生物学年龄、生理功能储备及术后接受辅助治疗可能性的综合评估。</p> <p>常规评估衰弱状况，并依托多学科协作实施针对性的、多阶段的治疗优化管理，是提高老年患者胰十二指肠切除术手术安全性及改善临床预后的必要前提。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pancreatoduodenectomy</kwd><kwd>frailty</kwd><kwd>aged</kwd><kwd>prehabilitation</kwd><kwd>perioperative management</kwd><kwd>postoperative complications</kwd><kwd>multidisciplinary approach</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>панкреатодуоденальная резекция</kwd><kwd>хрупкость</kwd><kwd>гериатрические пациенты</kwd><kwd>пререабилитация</kwd><kwd>периоперационное ведение</kwd><kwd>послеоперационные осложнения</kwd><kwd>мультидисциплинарный подход</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>胰十二指肠切除术</kwd><kwd>衰弱</kwd><kwd>老年患者</kwd><kwd>预康复</kwd><kwd>围术期管理</kwd><kwd>术后并发症</kwd><kwd>多学科协作</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Академия наук Республики Татарстан</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>11/2025-ПД-КазГМУ</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by a grant from the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russia) awarded to higher education institutions, scientific and other organizations to support human resources development by encouraging their research and academic staff to complete doctoral dissertations and conduct research (Grant No. 11/2025PDKazGMU). The funding organization was not involved in the study organization, planning, execution, or supervision; data collection, storage, analysis, or interpretation; manuscript preparation, or making the decision to submit it for publication. The organization imposed no restrictions on data utilization or dissemination of study findings.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счёт гранта, предоставленного Академией наук Республики Татарстан (Россия) образовательным организациям высшего образования, научным и иным организациям на поддержку планов развития кадрового потенциала в части стимулирования их научных и научно-педагогических работников к защите докторских диссертаций и выполнению научно-исследовательских работ (№ 11/2025-ПД-КазГМУ). Финансирующая организация не участвовала в организации, планировании и проведении исследования, сборе, хранении, анализе и интерпретации данных, подготовке рукописи и принятии решения о ее публикации, а также в осуществлении надзора за исследованием. Финансирующая организация не устанавливала ограничений на использование данных и распространение результатов исследования.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Solodkiy VA, Kriger AG, Gorin DS, et al. Pancreaticoduodenectomy—results and prospects (two-center study). Pirogov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2023;(5):13–21. doi: 10.17116/hirurgia202305113 EDN: QWVISK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Akhmetzyanov FSh, Kotelnikov AG, Ter-Ovanesov MD, et al. Challenges during pancreatoduodenectomy and ways to overcome them. 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