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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">701308</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ701308</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RPRLYJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Gut Microbiome as a Modulator of Inflammation in Chronic Heart Failure</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Микробиом кишечника как модулятор воспаления при хронической сердечной недостаточности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-2892</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57205153574</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">O-2336-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7013-4320</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khazova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хазова</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases Named after Professor S.S. Zimnitsky; therapist, Consultative Clinic</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент, каф. пропедевтики внутренних болезней им. профессора С.С. Зимницкого; врач-терапевт, консультативная поликлиника</p></bio><email>hazova_elena@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6155-622X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57188687928</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">K-4790-2018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6061-0806</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khairullin</surname><given-names>Adel E</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хайруллин</surname><given-names>Адель Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. Of Biochemistry and KLD, Leading Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, ассистент, каф. биохимии и КЛД, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>khajrulli@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2536-3604</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55648762200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5089-5565</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyurin</surname><given-names>Yuri A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюрин</surname><given-names>Юрий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics; Head, Research Laboratory of Immunology and Allergen Development, senior research associate, Allergist-Immunologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент, каф. биохимии и КЛД; заведующий, научно-исследовательская лаборатория иммунологии и разработки аллергенов, ведущий научный сотрудник, врач — аллерголог-иммунолог</p></bio><email>tyurin.yurii@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5505-4984</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57220870567</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6678-2044</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurmaeva</surname><given-names>Naira Sh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курмаева</surname><given-names>Найра Шафкатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Assistant Lecturer, Depart. of Clinical Immunology with Allergology, allergist-immunologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент, каф. клинической иммунологии с аллергологией, врач — аллерголог-иммунолог</p></bio><email>nkurmaeva@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8372-4797</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Suleymanova</surname><given-names>Аlbina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сулейманова</surname><given-names>Альбина Ильшатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>therapist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-терапевт</p></bio><email>albina_suleymanova.0803@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Hospital for War Veterans</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Госпиталь для ветеранов войн, консультативная поликлиника</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Clinical Hospital of the Republic of Tatarstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканская клиническая больница Республики Татарстан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Almetyevsk Central Regional Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Альметьевская центральная районная больница</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>107</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-22"><day>22</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-24"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-05-28"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/701308">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/701308</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In recent years, the amount of scientific data indicating the key role of the gut microbiome in modulating immune responses that influence myocardial remodeling and the progression of chronic heart failure has been growing. Modulating the composition and function of the gut microbiome to reduce the severity of low-grade inflammation and slow the progression of chronic heart failure appears to be an innovative approach.</p> <p>This review aimed to analyze the role of the gut microbiome in cytokine-dependent inflammation in heart failure.</p> <p>Fifty-two sources containing data on associations between cytokine levels and gut microbiome bacterial genera in patients with heart failure, published from 1999 to 2025 in journals indexed in PubMed and eLibrary.ru, were analyzed. The review includes a description of modern molecular methods for studying the gut microbiome, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Changes in the taxonomic and quantitative composition of the gut microbiome and in the cytokine profile of patients with heart failure are presented. The data presented in the analyzed publications demonstrate a link between specific bacterial taxa and cytokine levels in certain phenotypic groups of chronic heart failure; however, the mechanisms underlying these relationships often remain the subject of further research.</p> <p>The identified limitations in the design of the reviewed studies, such as the presence of comorbidities, medication use, and unadjusted analyses that do not always account for confounding variables (diet and physical activity), underscore the need for further research to confirm these associations. Promising directions include research into disease-modifying treatment for chronic heart failure, including the development of methods to modulate the microbiota in order to reduce cytokine-mediated myocardial damage.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В последние годы растёт объём научных данных, указывающих на ключевую роль кишечного микробиома в модуляции иммунных ответов, оказывающих влияние на ремоделирование миокарда и прогрессирование хронической сердечной недостаточности. Воздействие на состав и функцию кишечного микробиома для снижения выраженности низкоинтенсивного воспаления и замедления скорости прогрессирования хронической сердечной недостаточности представляется инновационным.</p> <p>Цель настоящего обзора проанализировать роль микробиома кишечника в цитокин-зависимом воспалении при сердечной недостаточности.</p> <p>Проанализировано 52 источника, содержащих данные об ассоциациях уровней цитокинов и родов микроорганизмов микробиома кишечника у пациентов с сердечной недостаточностью, опубликованных с 1999 по 2025 год в журналах, индексируемых в PubMed и eLibrary.Ru. Обзор включает описание современных методов молекулярного исследования микробиома кишечника с указанием их преимуществ и недостатков. Приведены изменения видового и количественного состава микробиома кишечника и цитокинового профиля у пациентов с сердечной недостаточностью. Представленные в анализируемых публикациях сведения демонстрируют связь между конкретными таксонами бактерий и уровнями цитокинов в определённых фенотипических группах хронической сердечной недостаточности, однако механизмы, обусловливающие данные взаимосвязи, остаются зачастую предметом дальнейших изысканий.</p> <p>Выявленные ограничения в дизайне рассмотренных исследований, такие как наличие у участников сопутствующих заболеваний, применение лекарственных препаратов, а также нескорректированный анализ, не всегда учитывающий искажающие переменные (диета и физическая активность), подчёркивают необходимость продолжения исследований для подтверждения этих ассоциаций. Перспективными направлениями являются изыскания в области патогенетического лечения хронической сердечной недостаточности, в том числе разработка методов воздействия на микробиоту с целью уменьшения повреждения миокарда, вызванного цитокинами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gut microbiome</kwd><kwd>gut–heart axis</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>chronic heart failure</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микробиом кишечника</kwd><kwd>ось «кишечник — сердце»</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>хроническая сердечная недостаточность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Flori L, Benedetti G, Martelli A, Calderone V. Microbiota alterations associated with vascular diseases: postbiotics as a next-generation magic bullet for gut-vascular axis. 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