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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">698481</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ698481</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">WLXAIY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Immunoinflammatory and oxidative mechanisms in essential hypertension as a chronic subclinical inflammation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Первичная артериальная гипертензия как состояние хронического субклинического воспаления: роль иммуновоспалительных и оксидативных механизмов</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>原发性高血压：作为一种慢性亚临床炎症状态及其免疫炎症与氧化应激机制</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1180-228X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9102-2336</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borukaeva</surname><given-names>Irina K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борукаева</surname><given-names>Ирина Хасанбиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Head, Depart. of Normal and Pathological Human Physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент, заведующая, каф. нормальной и патологической физиологии</p></bio><email>irborukaeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9780-6206</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ashagre</surname><given-names>Saron M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ашагре</surname><given-names>Сарон Мерша</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Lecturer, Depart. of Normal and Pathological Human Physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент, каф. нормальной и патологической физиологии человека</p></bio><email>srm19850103@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3185-0478</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shondirova</surname><given-names>Milana M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шондирова</surname><given-names>Милана Мусалимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>а 6th-year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студентка VI курса</p></bio><email>kagazezevamilana@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6286-6489</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khakimova</surname><given-names>Madina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хакимова</surname><given-names>Мадина Аслановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>а 6th-year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студентка VI курса</p></bio><email>madina.khakimova.1998@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3585-2367</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Umarova</surname><given-names>Linda E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Умарова</surname><given-names>Линда Элихажиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>а 6th-year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студентка VI курса</p></bio><email>linda_21@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6893-2912</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alkhotova</surname><given-names>Madina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алхотова</surname><given-names>Мадина Асхабовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>а 6th-year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студентка VI курса</p></bio><email>alhotova.95@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kabardino-Balkarian State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кабардино-Балкарский государственный университет им. Х.М. Бербекова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>107</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Казанский медицинский журнал</issue-title><fpage>231</fpage><lpage>240</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-11"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-16"><day>16</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-04-07"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/698481">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/698481</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The relevance of this work is determined by the extremely high prevalence of essential hypertension and its contribution to cardiovascular mortality, disability, and economic burden. Despite the widespread use of agents targeting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, the sympathetic nervous system, and water–salt balance, uncontrolled or resistant elevation of blood pressure persists in a substantial proportion of patients, along with progressive target organ damage. This indicates the limitations of classical neurohumoral concepts and necessitates the search for new pathogenetic targets, particularly in the context of increasing comorbidity (obesity, metabolic syndrome, and gut microbiota dysbiosis).</p> <p>This work aimed to analyze essential hypertension as a chronic low-grade inflammation and to demonstrate that immunoinflammatory mechanisms underlie persistent hypertension and target organ remodeling.</p> <p>The scientific novelty of this work lies in a comprehensive consideration of the role of innate and adaptive immunity (macrophages, dendritic cells, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and T-lymphocyte subpopulations, including Th17, CD8<sup>+</sup>, and regulatory T cells [Treg]) in close association with oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. The critical role of visceral obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis as key sources of systemic low-grade inflammation that convert mechanical and metabolic stress into a sustained immune response is emphasized. Particular attention is given to the concept of inflammatory remodeling of the vascular wall, myocardium, and renal tissue as the pathogenetic basis of increased vascular stiffness, sustained hypertension, and progressive target organ damage.</p> <p>The practical relevance of the review lies in substantiating the prospects of immunomodulatory therapies: blockade of specific cytokine pathways, regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity, correction of Th17/Treg imbalance, and modulation of the gut microbiota.</p> <p>It is shown that the transition from an exclusively neurohumoral to an inflammatory paradigm of hypertension opens opportunities for new strategies for the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment focused on preventing long-term inflammatory damage to target organs.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность настоящей работы обусловлена чрезвычайно высокой распространённостью первичной артериальной гипертензии и её вкладом в структуру сердечно-сосудистой смертности, инвалидизации и экономических потерь. Несмотря на широкое применение препаратов, влияющих на ренин-ангиотензин-альдостероновую систему, симпатическую нервную систему и водно-солевой баланс, у значительной части пациентов сохраняется неконтролируемое или резистентное повышение артериального давления, а также продолжается прогрессирующее поражение органов-мишеней. Это указывает на неполноту классических нейрогуморальных представлений и обусловливает необходимость поиска новых патогенетических мишеней, особенно в условиях нарастающей коморбидности (ожирение, метаболический синдром, нарушения микробиоты кишечника).</p> <p>Цель обзора — проанализировать первичную артериальную гипертензию как состояние хронического низкоинтенсивного воспаления и показать, что именно иммуновоспалительные механизмы формируют основу устойчивой гипертензии и ремоделирования органов-мишеней.</p> <p>Научная новизна работы состоит в комплексном рассмотрении роли врождённого и адаптивного иммунитета (макрофаги, дендритные клетки, NLRP3-инфламмасома, субпопуляции Т-лимфоцитов Th17, CD8<sup>+</sup>, Treg) в тесной связи с оксидативным стрессом, эндотелиальной дисфункцией и активацией ренин-ангиотензин-альдостероновой системы. Подчёркивается значение висцерального ожирения и дисбиоза кишечного микробиома как ключевых источников системного субклинического воспаления, переводящих механический и метаболический стресс в устойчивый иммунный ответ. Особое внимание уделяется концепции воспалительного ремоделирования сосудистой стенки, миокарда и почечной ткани как патогенетической основе повышенной сосудистой жёсткости, фиксированной гипертензии и прогрессирующего органного повреждения.</p> <p>Практическая значимость обзора заключается в обосновании перспектив терапии, направленной на модуляцию иммунного ответа: блокаду отдельных цитокиновых звеньев, регуляцию активности инфламмасомы NLRP3, коррекцию Th17/Treg-дисбаланса, воздействие на микробиоту кишечника.</p> <p>Показано, что переход от исключительно нейрогуморальной к воспалительной парадигме гипертонической болезни открывает возможности для разработки новых стратегий профилактики, ранней диагностики и лечения, ориентированных на предотвращение долговременного воспалительного повреждения органов-мишеней.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>原发性高血压的高发病率及其在心血管疾病死亡、致残和经济负担中的严峻占比，凸显了本研究的紧迫性。尽管现有的临床治疗方案已广泛应用肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统抑制剂、交感神经系统调节剂及利尿剂，但仍有相当比例的患者存在血压控制不佳或难治性高血压，且靶器官损伤持续进展。这表明基于经典神经内分泌机制的理论框架尚不够完善，亟需探索新的致病靶点，尤其是在当前肥胖、代谢综合征及肠道菌群失调等多种合并症日益增多的临床背景下。</p> <p>本综述旨在从慢性低度炎症的角度分析原发性高血压的致病本质，阐明免疫炎症机制如何构成了顽固性高血压及其靶器官重构的核心病理基础。</p> <p>本研究的科学创新性在于全面探讨了先天性与适应性免疫系统（如巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、NLRP3炎症小体以及Th17、CD8<sup>+</sup>和Treg淋巴细胞亚群）在原发性高血压发生发展中的作用，并深度剖析了其与氧化应激、内皮功能障碍及肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统激活之间的紧密联系。研究强调了内脏肥胖与肠道菌群失调作为系统性亚临床炎症的关键来源，是由机械与代谢应激转化为持续性免疫应答的核心诱因。本文特别关注血管壁、心肌及肾脏组织的炎症重构概念，将其视为导致血管硬度增加、固定性高血压及进行性器官损伤的病理生理基础。</p> <p>本综述的临床实践意义在于论证了通过调节免疫应答进行治疗的前景，包括阻断特定炎性细胞因子通路、调控NLRP3炎症小体活性、纠正Th17/Treg失衡以及干预肠道菌群。</p> <p>研究表明，从单纯的神经内分泌范式向炎症免疫范式转化，为高血压的防治提供了新视角，有助于开发针对性强、旨在预防长期炎症性靶器官损伤的研发策略与临床诊疗方案。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>essential hypertension</kwd><kwd>chronic inflammation</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd><kwd>endothelial dysfunction</kwd><kwd>proinflammatory interleukins</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>первичная артериальная гипертензия</kwd><kwd>хроническое воспаление</kwd><kwd>оксидативный стресс</kwd><kwd>эндотелиальная дисфункция</kwd><kwd>провоспалительные интерлейкины</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>原发性高血压</kwd><kwd>慢性炎症</kwd><kwd>氧化应激</kwd><kwd>内皮功能障碍</kwd><kwd>促炎性白细胞介素</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of RF</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by an internal grant from H.M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University (Agreement No. 49) and the PRIORITY-2030 Development Program.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке внутреннего гранта КБГУ им. Х.М. Бербекова (договор № 49) и программы развития «ПРИОРИТЕТ-2030».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kobalava ZhD, Konradi AO, Nedogoda SV, et al. 2024 Clinical practice guidelines for Hypertension in adults. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2024;29(9):6117. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2024-6117 EDN: GUEWLU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Shlyakhto EV, Tsyrlin VA, Kuzmenko NV, Pliss MG. Neurophysiological justification of the G.F. Lang hypothesis about the occurrence of essential hypertension. 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