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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">696078</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ696078</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">SAYBJM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Autonomic nervous system in chronic heart failure</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Автономная нервная система при хронической сердечной недостаточности</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>慢性心力衰竭中的自主神经系统功能障碍</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7926-6984</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8297-2893</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smetanina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сметанина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>ced23012002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6721-4391</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2230-2644</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rizaeva</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ризаева</surname><given-names>Мария Вячеславна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>rizaeva.maria2015@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-2892</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7013-4320</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khazova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хазова</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Propaedeutics of Internal Medicine named after Professor S.S. Zimnitsky</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент, каф. пропедевтики внутренних болезней им. проф. С.С. ­Зимницкого</p></bio><email>hazova_elena@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7228-5848</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4211-2171</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulashova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Булашова</surname><given-names>Ольга Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Depart. of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases named after Prof. S.S. Zimnitsky</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, каф. пропедевтики внутренних болезней им. профессора С.С. Зимницкого</p></bio><email>boulashova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1368-2915</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8089-4319</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malkova</surname><given-names>Maria I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малкова</surname><given-names>Мария Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases Named after Professor S.S. Zimnitsky; Head, Depart. of Functional Diagnostics Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ассистент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней им. профессора С.С. Зимницкого; заведующая, отд. функциональной диагностики</p></bio><email>marimalk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Hospital for War Veterans, Kazan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Госпиталь для ветеранов войн, Казань</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Clinical Hospital No. 7 named after M.N. Sadykov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская клиническая больница № 7 им. М.Н. Садыкова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>107</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Казанский медицинский журнал</issue-title><fpage>241</fpage><lpage>250</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-13"><day>13</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-18"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-04-07"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/696078">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/696078</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The autonomic nervous system is a critical regulator of cardiovascular function, and its imbalance contributes substantially to cardiovascular diseases and their complications.</p> <p>This work aimed to analyze studies addressing the impact of the autonomic nervous system on the course and prognosis of chronic heart failure, including in patients with comorbidities.</p> <p>The review included 47 papers published between 2000 and 2025 in PubMed and eLIBRARY.RU journals that investigated the role of the autonomic nervous system in chronic heart failure. The article discusses the origins of heart rate variability assessment and diagnostic tools for evaluating autonomic nervous system function in various cardiovascular diseases. The review describes the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying changes in autonomic status and the key parameters used to assess it, predominantly based on noninvasive time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability analysis for a more accurate evaluation of adaptation level, stress reactivity, and the degree of autonomic imbalance.</p> <p>Data on age- and sex-related differences in heart rate variability in patients with chronic heart failure are presented, including those with comorbidities such as chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes mellitus.</p> <p>Evidence is provided to support the prognostic value of heart rate variability parameters that influence disease course and cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic heart failure. Investigating the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying autonomic dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular diseases is relevant for developing new therapeutic approaches to restore autonomic nervous system balance.</p> <p>Time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability analysis is an accessible and convenient noninvasive method that can be used in a wide patient population to provide valuable information for personalized therapeutic strategies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Вегетативная нервная система — важный регулятор деятельности сердечно-сосудистой системы; её дисбаланс вносит существенный вклад в формирование сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и их осложнений.</p> <p>Цель — провести анализ исследований, посвящённых влиянию автономной нервной системы на течение и прогноз у пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью, в том числе при наличии коморбидной патологии.</p> <p>Проанализировано 47 источников по исследованию вегетативной нервной системы при хронической сердечной недостаточности, опубликованных в 2000–2025 гг. в журналах, индексируемых в базах PubMed и eLibrary.Ru. В статье представлены истоки оценки вариабельности сердечного ритма, а также диагностические инструменты оценки автономной нервной системы при различных заболеваниях сердечно-сосудистой системы. Обзор отображает характер патогенетических механизмов изменений вегетативного статуса и рассматривает ключевые показатели его оценки, преимущественно с использованием неинвазивных методик анализа временных и частотных характеристик вариабельности сердечного ритма, позволяющих более точно оценить уровень адаптации, стрессовую реактивность и степень автономного дисбаланса организма.</p> <p>Освещены данные о возрастных и половых различиях вариабельности сердечного ритма у пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью, в том числе при наличии таких коморбидных заболеваний, как хроническая болезнь почек, хроническая обструктивная болезнь лёгких и сахарный диабет.</p> <p>Представлены сведения, указывающие на прогностическую ценность показателей вариабельности сердечного ритма, влияющих на течение заболевания и риск развития нежелательных сердечно-сосудистых событий у пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью. Исследование патогенетических механизмов, лежащих в основе нарушений вегетативного статуса у пациентов с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, перспективны для разработки новых терапевтических подходов, направленных на восстановление баланса вегетативной нервной системы.</p> <p>Неинвазивный характер анализа временных и частотных характеристик вариабельности сердечного ритма делает данный метод доступным и удобным инструментом для широкого круга пациентов, позволяя получать ценную информацию для разработки персонализированных терапевтических стратегий.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>自主神经系统是心血管系统活动的重要调节器；其功能失衡对心血管疾病及其并发症的发生发展具有显著影响。</p> <p>本研究旨在梳理并分析现有文献，探讨自主神经系统对慢性心力衰竭患者病情演变及预后的影响，特别是在合并症背景下的相关临床表现。</p> <p>本文选取了2000年至2025年间发表于PubMed及eLibrary.Ru数据库的47篇文献，对慢性心力衰竭中自主神经系统的相关研究进行了深入分析。文章阐述了心率变异性评估的起源，并归纳了各类心血管疾病中自主神经系统的诊断工具。综述总结了自主神经状态改变的病理生理机制，并探讨了评估该状态的关键指标，重点分析了通过心率变异性的时域及频域特征进行无创评估的方法。这些方法能够更加精准地评估机体的适应水平、应激反应性以及自主神经紊乱程度。</p> <p>文章探讨了慢性心力衰竭患者心率变异性在年龄和性别上的差异，并涉及慢性肾脏病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病及糖尿病等共病情况。</p> <p>文中指出，心率变异性指标对慢性心力衰竭患者的疾病演变及重大心血管不良事件风险具有显著的预测价值。研究心血管疾病患者自主神经紊乱的病理生理机制，对于开发旨在恢复自主神经平衡的新型治疗方案具有重要意义。</p> <p>基于心率变异性时域和频域分析的无创方法，具有简便易行的优势，适用于广泛的患者群体，能为制定个体化治疗策略提供宝贵的临床数据。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd><kwd>chronic heart failure</kwd><kwd>comorbidity</kwd><kwd>heart rate variability</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>prognosis</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd><kwd>хроническая сердечная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>коморбидность</kwd><kwd>вариабельность сердечного ритма</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>прогноз</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>心血管疾病</kwd><kwd>慢性心力衰竭</kwd><kwd>共病</kwd><kwd>心率变异性</kwd><kwd>诊断</kwd><kwd>预后</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kalinkina TV, Lareva NV, Chistyakova MV, et al. 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