<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">694073</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ694073</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">TEOONG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical and clinical medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретическая и клиническая медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Serotonin as a means of preventing gastrointestinal failure in the early postoperative period: a randomized clinical study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Серотонин как средство профилактики гастроинтестинальной недостаточности в раннем послеоперационном периоде: рандомизированное клиническое исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>血清素预防术后早期胃肠功能不全的疗效：一项随机临床试验</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1444-701X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3968-8504</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremich</surname><given-names>Daria G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еремич</surname><given-names>Дарья Геннадиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>intensive care therapist, Depart. of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач — анестезиолог-реаниматолог, отд. реанимации и интенсивной терапии</p></bio><email>daria.eremich@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-0142</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3619-2048</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Simutis</surname><given-names>Ionas S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симутис</surname><given-names>Ионас Стасио</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Head, Depart. of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine; Assistant Professor, Depart. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care named after V.L. Vanevsky</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, заведующий, отд. реанимации и интенсивной терапии; доцент, каф. анестезиологии и реаниматологии им. В.Л. Ваневского</p></bio><email>simutis@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5961-7433</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4663-4987</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilov</surname><given-names>Mark S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Данилов</surname><given-names>Марк Самуилович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Anesthesiologist-Reanimatologist, Depart. of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine; Assistant Lecturer, Depart. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care named after V.L. Vanevsky</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, врач — анестезиолог-реаниматолог, отд. реанимации и интенсивной терапии; ассистент, каф. анестезиологии и реаниматологии им. В.Л. Ваневского</p></bio><email>markdani@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4750-847X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1645-0411</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salygina</surname><given-names>Daria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салыгина</surname><given-names>Дарья Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>intensive care therapist, Depart. of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач — анестезиолог-реаниматолог, отд. реанимации и интенсивной терапии</p></bio><email>ds.salygina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-0123</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8210-8836</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Blitsyn</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блицын</surname><given-names>Кристина</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anesthesiology-Reanimation Resident, Depart. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care named after V.L. Vanevsky</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-ординатор — анестезиолог-реаниматолог, каф. анестезиологии и реаниматологии им. В.Л. Ваневского</p></bio><email>kristina.blitsyn@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western District Scientific and Clinical Center named after L.G. Sokolov, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Западный окружной научно-клинический центр им. Л.Г. Соколова Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>107</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Казанский медицинский журнал</issue-title><fpage>179</fpage><lpage>188</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-22"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-04-07"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/694073">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/694073</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>In patients with gastrointestinal cancers, preoperative malnutrition is associated with decreased plasma serotonin levels and an increased risk of gastrointestinal failure in the postoperative period.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>The work aimed to evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of serotonin compared with standard prokinetic therapy for the correction of gastrointestinal failure in patients with malnutrition.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> It was a randomized pilot clinical study including 42 patients aged ≥ 65 years after elective gastrointestinal surgery for cancer. All participants had malnutrition (NRS 2002 ≥ 2) and gastrointestinal failure (LIFE ≥ 2). Patients were randomized as follows: the main group (<italic>n</italic> = 24) received serotonin at a dose of 20 mg/day intravenously until gastrointestinal failure is resolved; the control group (<italic>n</italic> = 18) received standard therapy (metoclopramide, 10 mg, and neostigmine methyl sulfate, 0.1 mg, three times daily). Both groups received standardized enteral nutritional support with a semi-elemental formula. Changes in LIFE scores, plasma serotonin and albumin levels, inflammatory markers, hemostasis parameters (piezoelectric thromboelastography), and the incidence of thrombotic complications were assessed. Thromboprophylaxis was performed with enoxaparin sodium, 40 mg/day, administered subcutaneously.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Baseline characteristics of the groups did not differ significantly. Serotonin levels were decreased in both groups (50.37 ng/mL in the control group; 51.6 ng/mL in the main group; <italic>p</italic> = 0.782). During serotonin administration, its concentration was maintained within the reference range, whereas in the control group it continued to decrease by day 2. By day 5, the severity of gastrointestinal failure according to the LIFE scale was significantly lower in the main group (0.3 vs 2.6 points; <italic>p</italic> = 0.045), which was accompanied by earlier recovery of peristalsis and bowel movements. A strong negative correlation was found between serotonin levels and the severity of gastrointestinal failure (r<sub>s</sub> = −0.69; <italic>p</italic> = 0.012). In patients receiving serotonin, hypoalbuminemia was corrected more rapidly (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0057); albumin levels also negatively correlated with the severity of gastrointestinal failure (r<sub>s</sub> = −0.71; <italic>p</italic> = 0.010). Inflammatory markers and hemostasis parameters did not differ between the groups. Thrombotic events were not observed in either group.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In patients with gastrointestinal cancers and preoperative malnutrition, serotonin as part of complex therapy for gastrointestinal failure was associated with faster resolution and correction of hypoalbuminemia without signs of increased inflammatory response or an increased risk of thrombotic events.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. У пациентов с онкологическими заболеваниями желудочно-кишечного тракта предоперационная нутритивная недостаточность ассоциирована со снижением плазменного серотонина и повышенным риском гастроинтестинальной недостаточности в послеоперационном периоде.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold>. Оценить безопасность и клиническую эффективность серотонина по сравнению со стандартной прокинетической терапией в коррекции гастроинтестинальной недостаточности у пациентов с нутритивной недостаточностью.</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold>. Проведено рандомизированное клиническое пилотное исследование, включившее 42 пациента ≥65 лет после плановых операций на желудочно-кишечном тракте по поводу злокачественных новообразований. Все участники имели нутритивную недостаточность (NRS 2002 ≥2) и гастроинтестинальную недостаточность (LIFE ≥2). Пациенты были рандомизированы: основная группа (n=24) получала серотонин в дозе 20 мг/сут внутривенно до разрешения гастроинтестинальной недостаточности; контрольная группа (n=18) — стандартную терапию (метоклопрамид в дозе 10 мг и неостигмина метилсульфат по 0,1 мг 3 раза в сутки). Обе группы получали стандартизированную энтеральную нутритивную поддержку полуэлементной смесью. Оценивали динамику баллов по шкале LIFE, уровень плазменного серотонина и альбумина, маркёры воспаления, параметры гемостаза (пьезотромбоэластография) и частоту тромботических осложнений. Тромбопрофилактику проводили эноксапарином натрия в дозе 40 мг/сут подкожно.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Исходные характеристики групп статистически значимо не отличались. Уровень серотонина в обеих группах был снижен (контроль — 50,37 нг/мл; основная — 51,6 нг/мл; <italic>p</italic>=0,782). На фоне введения серотонина его концентрация поддерживалась в референсных пределах, тогда как в контрольной группе продолжала снижаться ко 2-м суткам. К 5-м суткам выраженность гастроинтестинальной недостаточности по шкале LIFE была значительно ниже в основной группе (0,3 против 2,6 балла; <italic>p</italic>=0,045), что сопровождалось более ранним восстановлением перистальтики и стула. Выявлена сильная отрицательная корреляция между уровнем серотонина и тяжестью гастроинтестинальной недостаточности (r<sub>s</sub>=−0,69; <italic>p</italic>=0,012). У пациентов, получавших серотонин, быстрее корректировалась гипоальбуминемия (<italic>p</italic>=0,0057); уровень альбумина также отрицательно коррелировал с выраженноситью гастроинтестинальной недостаточности (r<sub>s</sub>=−0,71; <italic>p</italic>=0,010). Маркёры воспаления и параметры гемостаза между группами не различались. Тромботические осложнения не зарегистрированы ни в одной из групп.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. У пациентов с онкологической патологией желудочно-кишечного тракта и предоперационной нутритивной недостаточностью применение серотонина в составе комплексной терапии гастроинтестинальной недостаточности ассоциировано с более быстрым её разрешением и коррекцией гипоальбуминемии без признаков усиления воспалительной реакции и увеличения риска тромботических осложнений.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证</bold>：胃肠道肿瘤患者中，术前营养不良与血清素水平降低及术后胃肠功能不全风险增加密切相关。</p> <p><bold>目的</bold>：本研究旨在评估与标准促动力治疗相比，使用血清素纠正营养不良患者术后胃肠功能不全的安全性和临床疗效。</p> <p><bold>方法</bold>：本研究为一项随机临床试点研究。纳入了 42 例年龄 ≥65 岁、因恶性肿瘤接受择期胃肠道手术的患者。所有受试者均存在营养不良（NRS 2002 评分 ≥2 分）及胃肠功能不全（LIFE 评分 ≥2 分）。患者被随机分为两组：试验组（n=24）静脉注射血清素（20 mg/d），直至胃肠功能不全缓解；对照组（<italic>n</italic>=18）给予标准治疗（甲氧氯普胺 10 mg 联合新斯的明 0.1 mg，每日 3 次）。两组患者均接受基于半要素制剂的标准化肠内营养支持。观察指标包括：LIFE 评分动态变化、血浆血清素及白蛋白水平、炎症标志物、凝血参数（压电粘弹性血栓描记法）、以及血栓并发症发生率。两组均采用依诺肝素钠（40 mg/d，皮下注射）进行血栓预防。</p> <p><bold>结果</bold>：两组患者基线资料差异无统计学意义。两组患者术后血清素水平初期均偏低（对照组 50.37 ng/mL，试验组 51.6 ng/mL；<italic>p</italic>=0.782）。血清素治疗组患者在给药后其浓度维持在参考范围内，而对照组患者在该指标上于术后第 2 天持续下降。至术后第 5 天，试验组的 LIFE 评分显著低于对照组（0.3 分 vs 2.6 分；<italic>p</italic>=0.045），且患者表现出更快的肠道蠕动恢复及排便功能改善。相关性分析显示，血清素水平与胃肠功能不全严重程度呈强负相关（r<sub>s</sub>=−0.69；<italic>p</italic>=0.012）。试验组患者的低蛋白血症纠正速度更快（<italic>p</italic>=0.0057）；且白蛋白水平同样与胃肠功能不全严重程度呈负相关（rs=−0.71；<italic>p</italic>=0.010）。两组患者在炎症标志物及凝血参数方面无统计学差异。两组均未发生血栓性并发症。</p> <p><bold>结论</bold>：对于合并术前营养不良的胃肠道肿瘤患者，在综合治疗方案中加入血清素有助于加快胃肠功能不全的缓解与低蛋白血症的纠正，且未见炎症反应加重或血栓并发症风险增加。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>serotonin</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal failure</kwd><kwd>postoperative period</kwd><kwd>malnutrition</kwd><kwd>semi-elemental formula</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>серотонин</kwd><kwd>гастроинтестинальная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>послеоперационный период</kwd><kwd>нутритивная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>полуэлементная смесь</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>血清素</kwd><kwd>胃肠功能不全</kwd><kwd>术后</kwd><kwd>营养不良</kwd><kwd>半要素制剂</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Арма»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Arma LLC</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">During the study, there were relationships with Arma LLC, represented by the General Director I.O. Vrublevsky, which consisted of providing resources (serotonin and laboratory support), as well as covering the costs of editing and publication of the article.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке ООО «Арма» (Россия). Форма поддержки: обеспечение лабораторного этапа, расходные материалы, денежные средства для оплаты редактирования, подготовки и публикации статьи в журнале.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Moon JH, Oh CM, Kim H. Serotonin in the regulation of systemic energy metabolism. J Diabetes Investig. 2022;13(10):1639–1645. doi: 10.1111/jdi.13879 EDN: OAZCUA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Kanova M, Kohout P. Serotonin-Its Synthesis and Roles in the Healthy and the Critically Ill. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(9):4837. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094837 EDN: EKAESW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Kanova M, Kohout P. Tryptophan: A Unique Role in the Critically Ill. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(21):11714. doi: 10.3390/ijms222111714 EDN: SLHSTN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Krotenko NP, Grinenko MS. The experience of using serotonin adipate in intensive care unit for non-surgical patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction. Clinical review for general practice. 2023;4(5):81–92. doi: 10.47407/kr2023.4.5.00238</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Magomedov MA, Grishina LA, Masolitin SV, Kolerova IV. Pathogenetic substantiation and experience of using serotonin adipate in complex therapy of functional bowel obstruction in surgical practice. Clinical Review for General Practice. 2022;6:70–77. doi: 10.47407/kr2022.3.6.00180 EDN: KQTZPW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Belik BM. Evaluation of clinical efficacy of serotonin adipate in treatment and prevention of enteral insufficiency syndrome at generalized peritonitis. Khirurgiia (Mosk). 2016;(9):76–82. doi: 10.17116/hirurgia2016976-82 EDN: WZSMCF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Herr N, Bode C, Duerschmied D. The effects of serotonin in immune cells. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2017;4:48. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00048</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Lin L, Hu K. Serotonin is a multifaceted player in the immune response. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2021;26(8):253–254. doi: 10.52586/4939</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Galan AM, Lopez-Vilchez I, Diaz-Ricart M, et al. Serotonergic mechanisms enhance platelet-mediated thrombogenicity. Thromb Haemost. 2009;102(3):511–519. doi: 10.1160/TH08-12-0810</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Mammadova-Bach E, Mauler M, Braun A. Immuno-Thrombotic Effects of Platelet Serotonin. In: Serotonin—A Chemical Messenger Between All Types of Living Cells. Pilowsky PM, editor. IntechOpen; 2017. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.69349</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>GlobalSurg Collaborative; NIHR Global Health Unit on Global Surgery. Impact of malnutrition on early outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(3):e341–e349. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00550-2 EDN: UOYGIG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Dewys WD, Begg C, Lavin PT, et al. Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Am J Med. 1980;69(4):491–497. doi: 10.1016/S0149-2918(05)80001-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Arends J. Malnutrition in cancer patients: causes, consequences and treatment options. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2024;50(5):107074. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2023.107074 EDN: EOPXTH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Alexander DD, Bylsma LC, Elkayam L, Nguyen DL. Nutritional and health benefits of semi-elemental diets: A comprehensive summary of the literature. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2016;7(2):306–319. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i2.306</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Berestennikova LN. Half-elemental nutrition mixtures for enteral nutrition of children in critical conditions: features of usage and economic efficiency. Pediatr Pharmacol. 2015;12(4):392–397. doi: 10.15690/pf.v12i4.1419 EDN: UMTZNP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Curry AS, Chadda S, Danel A, Nguyen DL. Early introduction of a semi-elemental formula may be cost saving compared to a polymeric formula among critically ill patients requiring enteral nutrition: a cohort cost-consequence model. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2018;10:293–300. doi: 10.2147/CEOR.S155312</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Singer P, Reintam Blaser A, Berger MM, et al. ESPEN practical and partially revised guideline: Clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2023;42(9):1671–1689. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.07.011 EDN: TQSVZO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Compher C, Bingham AL, McCall M, et al. Guidelines for the provision of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2022;46(1):12–41. doi: 10.1002/jpen.2267 EDN: FUKXPQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Berger MM, Oddo M, Lavanchy J, et al. Gastrointestinal failure score in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2008;12(6):R120. doi: 10.1186/cc7120 EDN: LSDOQW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Kondrup J, Rasmussen HH, Hamberg O, Stanga Z; ESPEN Working Group. Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials. Clin Nutr. 2003;22(3):321–336.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Tel Adigüzel K, Çalişkan HA, Işik FB, et al. Incorporating the Malnutrition Screening Tool and the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool in Rehabilitation Practice: Comparison With the Nutrition Risk Screening 2002. Food Sci Nutr. 2025;13(1):e4676. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.4676 EDN: IJJYIA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Tanabe K, Nakanishi Y, Okubo N, et al. Association of the Controlling Nutritional Status Score with the Development of Postoperative Paralytic Ileus After Radical Cystectomy: Retrospective Cohort Study. Urol Res Pract. 2023;49(3):184–190. doi: 10.5152/tud.2023.22232 EDN: DNYEUG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Kurokawa M, Sugihara T, Watanabe R, et al. Prognostic Nutritional Index as a Predictor of Complications Following Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy. Cureus. 2025;17(5):e84470. doi: 10.7759/cureus.84470 EDN: OINSXU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Quintero-Villegas A, Valdés-Ferrer SI. Role of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system in health and disease. Mol Med. 2019;26(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s10020-019-0126-x EDN: WJZIVM</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
