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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">692607</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ692607</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZLBBQO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Bitter taste receptors as a bronchodilator therapy target: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рецепторы горького вкуса как мишень бронхолитической терапии: молекулярные механизмы и терапевтический потенциал</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>苦味受体作为支气管舒张治疗的靶点：分子机制与治疗潜力</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4615-1455</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6301-4593</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konev</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конев</surname><given-names>Андрей Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student, junior research associate, Lab. of Mechanisms of Virus-Associated Developmental Pathologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, младший научный сотрудник, лаб. механизмов вирус-ассоциированных патологий развития</p></bio><email>andrkonev@vk.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Far Eastern Scientific Center for Physiology and Pathology of Respiration</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Дальневосточный научный центр физиологии и патологии дыхания</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>107</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Казанский медицинский журнал</issue-title><fpage>251</fpage><lpage>262</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-09"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-09"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-04-07"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/692607">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/692607</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Persistent insufficient responsiveness to β₂-adrenergic receptor agonists and anti-inflammatory therapy in some patients with obstructive airway diseases necessitates the search for nonadrenergic targets, including bitter taste receptors.</p> <p>This work aimed to evaluate published data on the mechanisms of bronchodilation mediated by bitter taste receptors, compare them with β₂-adrenergic signaling, and assess the potential of TAS2Rs as bronchodilator therapy targets.</p> <p>A review of publications in Russian and English indexed in PubMed, eLIBRARY.RU, CyberLeninka, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar from 2006 to 2025 was performed. Bitter taste receptors are expressed in airway smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells, and immune cells. Their activation induces rapid smooth muscle relaxation through three mechanisms: (1) local Ca²⁺ elevation with activation of BKCa channels and subsequent membrane hyperpolarization; (2) Gβγ-mediated inhibition of L-type Ca²⁺ channels; and (3) cofilin-dependent remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton without changes in myosin phosphorylation. The response is preserved under conditions of Th2-mediated inflammation and β₂-adrenergic receptor desensitization; additive effects have been observed when combined with β₂-agonists. Furthermore, antiproliferative effects in airway smooth muscle cells, suppression of IgE-mediated mast cell activation, and enhancement of mucociliary clearance have been described.</p> <p>Clinical trials of inhaled bitter taste receptor agonists for obstructive airway diseases have not been registered. The main limitations include interspecies differences, the requirement for high concentrations of certain ligands, toxicity of individual compounds, and irritant and organoleptic effects.</p> <p>Conclusion: Bitter taste receptors in airway smooth muscle cells are an alternative bronchodilator therapy target in obstructive airway diseases. In experimental models, bitter taste receptor agonists induce rapid bronchodilation, retain efficacy in the presence of β₂-adrenoceptor desensitization, and exhibit antiproliferative and antiremodeling properties. Unresolved issues regarding clinical applicability include the low affinity and selectivity of currently available ligands, polypharmacology, a pronounced irritant and taste profile, interspecies differences, and the absence of completed clinical trials.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Сохраняющаяся у части пациентов недостаточная чувствительность к агонистам β₂-адренорецепторов и противовоспалительной терапии при обструктивных заболеваниях дыхательных путей актуализирует поиск внеадренергических мишеней, включая рецепторы горького вкуса.</p> <p>Цель работы — оценить данные литературы о механизмах бронходилатации, опосредованной рецепторами горького вкуса, сопоставить их с β₂-адренергической сигнализацией и определить потенциал TAS2R как мишеней бронхолитической терапии.</p> <p>Выполнен обзор публикаций, индексированных в базах PubMed, eLibrary.Ru, КиберЛенинка, ResearchGate и Google Scholar, на русском и английском языках с 2006 по 2025 год. Показано, что рецепторы горького вкуса экспрессируются в гладкомышечных клетках дыхательных путей, эпителии и иммунных клетках. Их активация вызывает быструю релаксацию гладких мышц посредством трёх механизмов: (I) локального повышения Ca²⁺ с активацией BKCa-каналов и последующей гиперполяризацией мембраны; (II) Gβγ-опосредованного торможения L-типа Ca²⁺-каналов; (III) кофилин-зависимой перестройки актинового цитоскелета без изменения фосфорилирования миозина. Ответ сохраняется в условиях Th2-воспаления и десенситизации β₂-адренорецепторов; отмечена аддитивность эффектов при сочетании с β₂-агонистами. Дополнительно описаны антипролиферативные эффекты в гладкомышечных клетках дыхательных путей, подавление IgE-зависимой активации тучных клеток и усиление мукоцилиарного клиренса.</p> <p>Клинические испытания ингаляционных агонистов рецепторов горького вкуса для обструктивных заболеваний дыхательных путей не зарегистрированы. К основным ограничениям относятся межвидовые различия, необходимость высоких концентраций для ряда лигандов, токсичность отдельных соединений, органолептические и ирритантные эффекты.</p> <p>Вывод: рецепторы горького вкуса в гладкомышечных клетках дыхательных путей представляют собой альтернативную мишень для бронхолитического воздействия при обструктивных заболеваниях дыхательных путей. В экспериментальных моделях горькие агонисты обеспечивают быстрое бронхорасширение, сохраняют эффективность при десенситизации β₂-адренорецепторов и проявляют антипролиферативные и противоремоделирующие свойства. К нерешённым вопросам клинической применимости можно отнести низкую аффинность и селективность существующих лигандов, полифармакологию, выраженный ирритантный и вкусовой профиль, межвидовые различия и отсутствие завершённых клинических исследований.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>在阻塞性气道疾病中，部分患者对β₂-肾上腺素受体激动剂及抗炎治疗的敏感性不足，这使得探索非肾上腺素能靶点（包括苦味受体）显得尤为紧迫。</p> <p>本研究旨在评估关于苦味受体介导支气管扩张机制的文献资料，将其与β₂-肾上腺素能信号通路进行对比分析，从而明确TAS2R（苦味受体）作为支气管舒张治疗潜在靶点的价值。</p> <p>本文通过对2006年至2025年间PubMed、eLibrary.Ru、CyberLeninka、ResearchGate及Google Scholar数据库中收录的中英文文献进行综述，证实了苦味受体在气道平滑肌细胞、上皮细胞及免疫细胞中的表达。研究显示，苦味受体的激活能够通过以下三种机制引发平滑肌的快速舒张：(I) 引起细胞内Ca²⁺的局部升高，触发BKCa通道激活，进而导致膜超极化；(II) 通过Gβγ亚基介导抑制L型Ca²⁺通道；(III) 在不改变肌球蛋白磷酸化水平的情况下，通过辅ilin（cofilin）依赖性途径重组肌动蛋白细胞骨架。即使在Th2型炎症和β₂-肾上腺素受体脱敏的情况下，上述反应依然有效；且苦味受体激动剂与β₂-受体激动剂联用时表现出协同效应。此外，文章还描述了苦味受体在气道平滑肌细胞中的抗增殖作用、对IgE依赖性肥大细胞活化的抑制作用，以及对黏液纤毛清除功能的增强作用。</p> <p>目前尚未有针对阻塞性气道疾病的吸入性苦味受体激动剂临床试验注册。主要的制约因素包括物种间差异、部分配体需要高浓度才能起效、特定化合物的毒性，以及由此引发的感官（味觉）和刺激性效应。</p> <p>结论：气道平滑肌细胞中的苦味受体是阻塞性气道疾病支气管舒张治疗的一种替代靶点。在实验模型中，苦味受体激动剂能够实现快速支气管扩张，在β₂-肾上腺素受体脱敏的情况下仍能保持疗效，并具备抗增殖和抗气道重塑的特性。目前临床应用亟待解决的问题包括：现有配体的亲和力和选择性较低、多效药理作用、显著的刺激性和味觉干扰、物种间的生理差异，以及尚无已完成的临床研究等短板。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs)</kwd><kwd>bronchodilators</kwd><kwd>asthma</kwd><kwd>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</kwd><kwd>smooth muscle</kwd><kwd>bronchi</kwd><kwd>beta-2 adrenergic receptors</kwd><kwd>signal transduction</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рецепторы горького вкуса (TAS2R)</kwd><kwd>бронходилататоры</kwd><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>хроническая обструктивная болезнь лёгких</kwd><kwd>гладкая мышца</kwd><kwd>бронхи</kwd><kwd>β₂-адренорецепторы</kwd><kwd>сигнальная трансдукция</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>苦味受体（TAS2R）</kwd><kwd>支气管扩张药</kwd><kwd>支气管哮喘</kwd><kwd>慢性阻塞性肺疾病</kwd><kwd>平滑肌</kwd><kwd>支气管</kwd><kwd>β₂-肾上腺素受体</kwd><kwd>信号转导</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-15-00372</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 23-15-00372).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект № 23-15-00372).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Choudhry S, Que LG, Yang Z, et al. 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