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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">691853</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ691853</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PBCVUY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Experimental medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальная медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of neutrophils on blood clot retraction</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние нейтрофилов на ретракцию сгустков крови</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7647-2966</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9591-6695</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saliakhutdinova</surname><given-names>Shakhnoza M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саляхутдинова</surname><given-names>Шахноза Матмурадовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>lecturer, Depart. of Morphology and General Pathology, junior research associate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>преподаватель, каф. морфологии и общей патологии, младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>abdullayevashahnoza026@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8597-811X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2802-2405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khismatullin</surname><given-names>Rafael R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хисматуллин</surname><given-names>Рафаэль Рафикович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Morphology and General Pathology, pathologist, Pathological Anatomy Depart.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, каф. морфологии и общей патологии, научный сотрудник; врач-патологоанатом, патологоанатомическое отд.</p></bio><email>rafael.khismatullin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7243-8832</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8388-2197</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khabirova</surname><given-names>Alina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хабирова</surname><given-names>Алина Ильшатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Lecturer, Depart. of Morphology and General Pathology, junior research associate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент, каф. морфологии и общей патологии, младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>alina.urussu.95@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7606-1323</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5780-3582</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khuziakhmedov</surname><given-names>Anvar N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хузиахмедов</surname><given-names>Анвар Наилевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), cardiovascular surgeon, Depart. of Vascular Surgery; Senior Lecturer, Depart. of Surgical Diseases of Postgraduate Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, врач — сердечно-сосудистый хирург, отд. сосудистой хирургии № 1; старший преподаватель, каф. хирургических болезней постдипломного образования</p></bio><email>ava23@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0643-1496</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1327-1641</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvinov</surname><given-names>Rustem I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвинов</surname><given-names>Рустем Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="US">United States</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Senior Research Investigator, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, старший исследователь, Департамент клеточной биологии Медицинского факультета</p></bio><email>rustempa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Clinical Hospital No. 7, Kazan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская клиническая больница № 7 им. М.Н. Садыкова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Pennsylvania</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Пенсильванский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>107</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>56</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-03"><day>03</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-14"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-02-08"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/691853">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/691853</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Immunothrombosis, or inflammatory thrombosis, largely determines the course and outcomes of severe infectious and autoimmune diseases. Inflammatory thrombi are rich in neutrophils; however, how inflammatory cells affect the contraction (retraction) of a blood clot, an important process that influences the course and outcomes of hemostatic disorders, remains unknown.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: This study aimed to assess the effect of activated neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps on the rate and degree of blood clot retraction mediated by activated platelet contraction.</p> <p><bold>METHODS</bold>: Isolated human neutrophils were activated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate to induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, which were visualized using immunofluorescence (citrullinated histone H3 and DNA) and scanning electron microscopy. Thrombin-induced clots were formed for three sample groups from whole blood (<italic>n</italic> = 5 for each group) or platelet-rich plasma (<italic>n</italic> = 4 or n = 5 for each group): (1) without added neutrophils (control), (2) with nonactivated neutrophils, and (3) with activated neutrophils. Clot-retraction kinetics were recorded optically. The final degree of retraction was the difference between the initial and final clot size, expressed as a percentage of the initial value. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test, one-way analysis of variance with a Sidak post hoc test, and the Friedman test. The significance level was set at 95%.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced the activation of neutrophils and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, which merged into the fibrin structure. When added to whole blood or platelet-rich plasma, activated neutrophils significantly (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) increased the final degree of clot retraction (50% ± 5% in blood and 86% ± 3% in platelet-rich plasma) compared with nonactivated neutrophils (45% ± 3% and 80% ± 1%, respectively). The kinetic parameters of retraction demonstrated accelerated contraction in the presence of activated neutrophils (greater mean velocity in platelet-rich plasma: 0.070%/s ± 0.003%/s vs. 0.065%/s ± 0.001%/s; <italic>p</italic> = 0.03). The stimulatory effect of activated neutrophils on clot retraction disappeared following neutrophil extracellular trap degradation with deoxyribonuclease I, in whole blood (degree of retraction 44% ± 5% vs. 54% ± 2%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.02) and platelet-rich plasma (82% ± 3% vs. 87% ± 2%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.03), indicating a key role of neutrophil extracellular traps within clots.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: Activated neutrophils accelerate and enhance blood clot retraction. This effect is mediated by the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps that merge into the fibrin network.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Иммунотромбоз, или воспалительный тромбоз, во многом определяет течение и исходы тяжёлых форм инфекционных и аутоиммунных заболеваний. Воспалительные тромбы богаты нейтрофилами, однако остаётся неизвестным, как воспалительные клетки влияют на сжатие (ретракцию) сгустка крови — важный процесс, определяющий течение и исходы гемостатических расстройств.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold>. Оценить влияние активированных нейтрофилов и нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушек на скорость и степень ретракции сгустков крови, опосредованной сокращением активированных тромбоцитов.</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold>. Изолированные человеческие нейтрофилы активировали форбол-12-миристат-13-ацетатом для индукции образования нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушек, которые визуализировали с помощью иммунофлуоресцентного окрашивания цитруллинированных H3-гистонов и флуоресцентного окрашивания ДНК, а также с помощью сканирующей электронной микроскопии. Сгустки, индуцированные тромбином, формировали для трёх групп образцов из цельной крови (n = 5 для каждой группы) или богатой тромбоцитами плазмы (n = 4 или n = 5 для каждой группы), а именно: (1) без добавления нейтрофилов (контроль); в присутствии (2) неактивированных или (3) активированных нейтрофилов. Кинетику ретракции сгустка регистрировали оптически. Конечную степень ретракции определяли как разницу между исходным и конечным размерами сгустка, выраженную в процентах от исходного значения. Для статистической обработки применяли t-критерий Стьюдента, однофакторный дисперсионный анализ с апостериорным тестом Сидака и критерий Фридмана; уровень значимости составлял 95%.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Форбол-12-миристат-13-ацетат вызывал активацию нейтрофилов и инициировал образование нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушек, которые встраивались в структуру фибрина. При добавлении в кровь или богатую тромбоцитами плазму активированные нейтрофилы значимо (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05) увеличивали конечную степень ретракции сгустка (50 ± 5% в крови, 86 ± 3% в богатой тромбоцитами плазме) по сравнению с контрольными неактивированными нейтрофилами (45 ± 3% и 80 ± 1% соответственно). Кинетические параметры ретракции указывали на ускоренное сжатие в присутствии активированных нейтрофилов (увеличение средней скорости в богатой тромбоцитами плазме: 0,070 ± 0,003%/с против 0,065 ± 0,001%/с; <italic>p</italic> = 0,03). Стимулирующий эффект активированных нейтрофилов на ретракцию сгустков исчезал после расщепления нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушек дезоксирибонуклеазой I как в цельной крови (степень ретракции 44 ± 5% против 54 ± 2%; <italic>p</italic> = 0,02), так и в богатой тромбоцитами плазме (82 ± 3% против 87 ± 2%, <italic>p</italic> = 0,03), что указывает на ключевую роль нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушек в составе сгустков.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold><italic>.</italic> Активированные нейтрофилы ускоряют и усиливают ретракцию сгустков крови, и этот эффект обусловлен образованием нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушек, встроенных в фибриновую сеть.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neutrophils</kwd><kwd>neutrophil extracellular traps</kwd><kwd>clot retraction</kwd><kwd>immunothrombosis</kwd><kwd>thrombosis, inflammation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейтрофилы</kwd><kwd>нейтрофильные внеклеточные ловушки</kwd><kwd>ретракция сгустка</kwd><kwd>иммунотромбоз</kwd><kwd>воспалительный тромбоз</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>25-25-20017</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Академия наук Республики Татарстан</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>25-25-20017</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation and the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan under project No. 25-25-20017 (https://rscf.ru/project/25-25-20017/). The Russian Science Foundation and the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan were not involved in the study organization, planning, execution, or supervision; data collection, storage, analysis, or interpretation; manuscript preparation, or making the decision to submit it for publication. The funding source imposed no restrictions on data utilization or dissemination of study findings</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счёт гранта Российского научного фонда и Академии наук Республики Татарстан по проекту № 25-25-20017 (https://rscf.ru/project/25-25-20017/). Российский научный фонд и Академия наук Республики Татарстан не участвовали в организации, планировании и проведении исследования, сборе, хранении, анализе и интерпретации данных, подготовке рукописи и принятии решения о её публикации, а также в осуществлении надзора за исследованием. 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