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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">689431</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ689431</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZBXLQU</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Factors affecting the timing of eruption of primary teeth</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Факторы, влияющие на сроки прорезывания временных зубов</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>乳牙萌出时间的影响因素分析</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5448-4245</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9488-9278</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ayupova</surname><given-names>Irina O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аюпова</surname><given-names>Ирина Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, каф. стоматологии детского возраста и ортодонтии</p></bio><email>aupovaio@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3663-6625</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Safaryan</surname><given-names>Angelina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафарян</surname><given-names>Ангелина Альбертовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student, Institute of Dentistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студентка, Институт стоматологии</p></bio><email>gelya_angelinochka@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4454-984X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3349-4901</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Nicolai V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Николай Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, director, Institute of Dentistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент, директор, Институт стоматологии</p></bio><email>nv_popov@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8160-6965</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9944-4871</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khamadeeva</surname><given-names>Alfiia M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хамадеева</surname><given-names>Альфия Минвалиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Depart. of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, каф. стоматологии детского возраста и ортодонтии</p></bio><email>ca.51@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1730-7880</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8964-6447</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiryukov</surname><given-names>Stanislav R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кирюков</surname><given-names>Станислав Рэмович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering), Assistant Professor, Samara branch</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент, Самарский филиал</p></bio><email>kirukov@mgpu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8532-288X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2446-4200</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baimuratova</surname><given-names>Liliya R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баймуратова</surname><given-names>Лилия Рамилевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, Depart. of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, каф. стоматологии детского возраста и ортодонтии</p></bio><email>LiliyaBaimuratova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Samara State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Самарский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow City Pedagogical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский городской педагогический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>107</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>405</fpage><lpage>417</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-17"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-09"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-06-15"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/689431">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/689431</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The growing number of missing persons in natural disasters and armed conflicts underscores the relevance of this topic. To expedite personal identification, it is necessary to narrow the pool of potential individuals. Determining the biological age of victims using the dental formula can assist in this process. However, discrepancies and contradictions exist in the scientific literature regarding the timing of eruption of primary teeth. According to some authors, this timing depends on multiple factors: prematurity, maternal tobacco exposure during pregnancy, birth weight, feeding method, family socioeconomic status, geographic location, and ethnicity. Additionally, sex differences, birth length, nutritional status, congenital maxillofacial anomalies, and systemic and viral diseases have been reported to influence eruption timing.</p> <p>Divergent expert opinions on influencing factors, along with the lack of information in literary sources about possible evolutionary changes over the past century, necessitated this work.</p> <p>This work aimed to study the chronology of primary tooth eruption from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day.</p> <p>An analysis was conducted using data from the information and analytical systems PubMed, eLibrary.Ru, and Google Scholar with the keywords: “biological age,” “age identification,” “primary dentition,” and “timing of eruption.”</p> <p>The observed variations in primary tooth eruption timing may indicate long-term evolutionary adaptations of populations to specific environmental conditions in different geographic zones. The most pronounced differences are observed between continental groups, with differences reaching up to six months for individual teeth, which corresponds to the concept of clinal variability, reflecting gradual changes in genetic and phenotypic traits along a geographic gradient.</p> <p>Some researchers report substantial differences in primary tooth eruption timing between world regions (North America, Asia, Europe, and South America), which are attributed to environmental factors or characteristics of intrauterine development. However, our statistical analysis using Pearson chi-squared test did not reveal significant differences in the presented data.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность темы обусловлена ростом числа пропавших без вести в условиях стихийных бедствий и вооружённых конфликтов. Для ускорения процесса идентификации личности необходимо сузить круг возможных лиц. В этом может помочь установление биологического возраста пострадавших по зубной формуле. Однако в литературе встречаются разночтения и противоречия при определении сроков прорезывания временных зубов. По утверждению некоторых авторов, они зависят от множества факторов: недоношенность детей, влияние табака на мать во время беременности, масса тела ребёнка при рождении, способ кормления, социально-экономический статус семьи, географическое положение и этническая принадлежность. Кроме того, отмечается влияние половых различий, длина тела ребёнка при рождении, состояние питания, врождённые аномалии челюстно-лицевой области, системные и вирусные заболевания. Разрозненность мнений специалистов по факторам влияния, а также отсутствие в литературных источниках сведений о возможных эволюционных изменениях за последнее столетие привели к необходимости проведения настоящей работы.</p> <p>Цель исследования — изучить хронологию прорезывания временных зубов с начала XX века по сегодняшний день.</p> <p>Проведён анализ по данным литературы в информационно-аналитических системах PubMed, eLibrary.Ru, Google Scholar по ключевым словам: «биологический возраст», «идентификация возраста», «временный прикус», «сроки прорезывания».</p> <p>Выявленные вариации в сроках прорезывания временных зубов могут свидетельствовать о долгосрочных эволюционных адаптациях популяций к специфическим условиям окружающей среды в различных географических зонах. Наиболее выраженные различия наблюдаются между континентальными группами, достигая до 6 мес для отдельных зубов, что соответствует концепции клинальной изменчивости, отражающей постепенные изменения генетических и фенотипических признаков вдоль географического градиента. Ряд исследователей указывает на существенные различия в сроках прорезывания временных зубов между регионами мира (Северная Америка, Азия, Европа, Южная Америка), которые объясняются влиянием факторов окружающей среды или особенностями внутриутробного развития. Однако проведённый нами статистический анализ с использованием критерия Пирсона не выявил значимых различий в представленных данных.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>本研究的选题旨在应对自然灾害及武装冲突背景下失踪人口数量增加的严峻现状。为了加速个体识别进程，缩小筛查范围至关重要，而依据牙齿公式推断死者的生物学年龄是实现这一目标的有效途径。然而，现有文献对于乳牙萌出时间的界定存在诸多分歧与矛盾。部分学者认为，萌出时间受多种因素影响，包括：早产、孕期母体吸烟史、出生体重、喂养方式、家庭社会经济地位、地理环境及民族遗传差异。此外，性别差异、出生身长、营养状况、颌面部先天畸形以及系统性或病毒性疾病均起着不可忽视的作用。鉴于学术界对上述影响因素的观点不一，且现有文献缺乏关于近一个世纪以来人类牙齿发育是否存在演化性改变的系统性资料，开展本项研究显得尤为必要。</p> <p>研究目的： 本研究旨在系统梳理并探讨自20世纪初至今，乳牙萌出时间的演变规律。</p> <p>方法： 本研究通过PubMed、eLibrary.Ru及Google Scholar等数据库，以“生物学年龄”（biological age）、“年龄鉴定”（age identification）、“乳牙列”（primary dentition）及“萌出时间”（timing of eruption）为关键词，对相关文献进行了深入分析。</p> <p>结果与讨论： 研究发现，乳牙萌出时间的变异可能反映了人口群体对不同地理环境下特定生存条件的长期演化适应。各大陆人群组间差异显著，部分牙齿的萌出时间差可达6个月。这一现象符合“渐变群”理论，即遗传与表型特征随地理梯度呈现连续性变化。尽管多位研究者指出全球不同地区（如北美、亚洲、欧洲及南美）乳牙萌出存在显著差异，并将其归因于环境因素或宫内发育特征，但本研究通过皮尔逊（Pearson）相关系数进行的统计分析显示，上述数据间差异并不具备统计学意义。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>timing of eruption</kwd><kwd>primary dentition</kwd><kwd>deciduous teeth</kwd><kwd>biological age</kwd><kwd>age identification</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сроки прорезывания</kwd><kwd>временный прикус</kwd><kwd>молочные зубы</kwd><kwd>биологический возраст</kwd><kwd>идентификация возраста</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>萌出时间</kwd><kwd>乳牙列</kwd><kwd>乳牙</kwd><kwd>生物学年龄</kwd><kwd>年龄鉴定</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Talipova YuSh. 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