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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">688692</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ688692</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">WGZJGF</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical and clinical medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретическая и клиническая медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cytokine-producing function of circulating neutrophils during renal carcinogenesis: a case–control study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокинпродуцирующая функция циркулирующих нейтрофилов в динамике канцерогенеза почки: исследование типа случай — контроль</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3908-0840</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1240-5547</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Myagdieva</surname><given-names>Ilseya R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мягдиева</surname><given-names>Ильсея Ринатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lecturer, Depart. of Physiology and Pathophysiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший преподаватель, каф. физиологии и патофизиологии</p></bio><email>ilseya2015@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7559-5246</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8564-4253</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abakumova</surname><given-names>Tatyana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абакумова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>taty-abakumova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5475-7031</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7093-3564</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgova</surname><given-names>Dinara R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгова</surname><given-names>Динара Ришатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>dolgova.dinara@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5117-1382</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7285-8939</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gening</surname><given-names>Tatyana P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Генинг</surname><given-names>Татьяна Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>Naum-53@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9088-0580</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5271-4542</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Topchyan</surname><given-names>Albert N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топчян</surname><given-names>Альберт Нукзариевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student, T.Z. Biktimirov Faculty of Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент, медицинский факультет им. Т.З. Биктимирова</p></bio><email>albert.topchyan.98@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ulyanovsk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ульяновский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>107</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-15"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-02-08"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/688692">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/688692</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Cytokines produced by neutrophils may determine their pro- or antitumor activity, thereby contributing either to inhibition or progression of the tumor process.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: This work aimed to evaluate the cytokine-producing function of circulating neutrophils during renal carcinogenesis.</p> <p><bold>METHODS</bold>: Circulating neutrophils were studied in patients with histologically verified early-stage renal cancer (stage I, n = 30) and advanced-stage disease (stage III, n = 30), as well as in conditionally healthy donors (control group, n = 30). Concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) (pg/mL) in neutrophil supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gene expression of MCP-1 and IL-2 in neutrophils was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Data are presented as median (Me) and interquartile range (Q1–Q3). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 13 and Jamovi 2.3.28. Differences were assessed using the Mann–Whitney U test (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05). Correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman coefficient. Event probability was evaluated by odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals. A differential diagnostic model was constructed using binary logistic regression. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed by ROC curve analysis within the regression model. Predictive model performance was evaluated using the area under the ROC curve (AUC).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: A significant decrease in MCP-1 levels in neutrophil supernatants after 30 and 60 minutes of incubation was observed at stage III renal cancer compared with stage I, confirmed by an inverse correlation between MCP-1 levels and disease stage (r = −0.456; <italic>p</italic> = 0.015). At stage I renal cancer, IL-2 levels increased significantly after 30 minutes of incubation compared with controls under both spontaneous (<italic>p</italic> = 0.007) and induced conditions (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001). IL-2 gene expression and IL-2 production in neutrophils increased with renal cancer progression (p = 0.01). A direct correlation was observed between IL-2 gene expression in neutrophils and disease stage (r = 0.671; <italic>p</italic> = 0.001). In univariate logistic regression analysis, IL-2 gene expression in neutrophils demonstrated statistical significance for differentiation between early and advanced renal cancer stages (OR 0.156; 95% CI 0.047–0.525; <italic>p</italic> = 0.003). The model AUC was 0.932 (sensitivity, 0.938; specificity, 0.750). With renal cancer progression, IL-2 gene expression increased (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.504; χ<sup>2</sup> = 38.5; <italic>p</italic> = 0.001).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: At the early stage of renal cancer, neutrophils exert their antitumor potential via enhanced MCP-1 secretion. During renal cancer progression, increased IL-2 secretion confers protumor properties on circulating neutrophils.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Цитокины, вырабатываемые нейтрофилами, могут определять их про- или противоопухолевую активность, направленную на ингибирование или прогрессирование опухолевого процесса.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold>. Оценить цитокинпродуцирующую функцию циркулирующих нейтрофилов в динамике канцерогенеза при раке почки.</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold>. Исследовали циркулирующие нейтрофилы пациентов c верифицированным раком почки начальной стадии (I, n = 30) и распространённой стадии (III, n = 30), а также условно здоровых доноров (группа контроля, n = 30). В супернатантах нейтрофилов определяли концентрацию моноцитарного хемоаттрактантного протеина-1 (MCP-1) и интерлейкина-2 (IL-2) (пг/мл) методом иммуноферментного анализа. Экспрессию генов <italic>MCP-1</italic>и <italic>IL-2</italic> в нейтрофилах оценивали методом количественной полимеразной цепной реакции. Данные представляли в виде медианы (Me) и нижнего и верхнего квартилей (Q1–Q3). Статистическую обработку проводили с использованием Statistica 13 и Jamovi 2.3.28. Значимость различий оценивали при помощи U-критерия Манна–Уитни (<italic>p </italic>&lt; 0,05). Для выявления корреляционных связей использовали критерий Спирмена. Вероятность событий оценивали с использованием показателя отношения шансов с указанием границ 95% доверительного интервала. Построение модели дифференциальной диагностики проводили методом бинарной логистической регрессии. Чувствительность и специфичность показателей оценивали методом анализа ROC-кривых в модели регрессии. Качество прогностической модели определяли по значению площади под ROC-кривой (AUC).</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Выявлено значимое снижение уровня MCP-1 в супернатантах нейтрофилов после 30 и 60 мин инкубации на III стадии рака почки по сравнению с I стадией, что подтверждается обратной корреляцией между уровнем MCP-1 и стадией заболевания (r = −0,456; <italic>p</italic> = 0,015). На I стадии рака почки через 30 мин инкубации уровень IL-2 значимо увеличивался относительно значений контрольной группы как при спонтанной (<italic>р</italic> = 0,007), так и при индуцированной продукции (<italic>р</italic> = 0,001). Экспрессия гена <italic>IL-2 </italic>и его продукция в нейтрофилах возрастали по мере прогрессирования рака почки (<italic>р</italic> = 0,01). Обнаружена прямая корреляционная связь между уровнем экспрессии гена <italic>IL-2</italic> в нейтрофилах и стадией заболевания (r = 0,671; <italic>p</italic> = 0,001). В унивариантном анализе логистической регрессии для дифференцировки начальной и распространённой стадий рака почки статистическую значимость демонстрировала экспрессия гена <italic>IL-2</italic> в нейтрофилах (отношение шансов 0,156; 95% доверительный интервал 0,047–0,525; <italic>p</italic> = 0,003). Площадь под ROC-кривой модели составила 0,932 (чувствительность — 0,938; специфичность — 0,750). При прогрессировании рака почки экспрессия гена <italic>IL-2 </italic>увеличивалась (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,504; χ<sup>2</sup> = 38,5; <italic>р</italic> = 0,001).</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. На начальной стадии рака почки нейтрофилы реализуют противоопухолевый потенциал за счёт усиления высвобождения MCP-1. В динамике прогрессирования рака почки усиленная секреция IL-2 определяет проопухолевые свойства циркулирующих нейтрофилов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neutrophils</kwd><kwd>MCP-1</kwd><kwd>IL-2</kwd><kwd>renal cancer</kwd><kwd>differential diagnosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейтрофилы</kwd><kwd>MCP-1</kwd><kwd>IL-2</kwd><kwd>рак почки</kwd><kwd>дифференциальная диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Xia L, Oyang L, Lin J, et al. The cancer metabolic reprogramming and immune response. Mol Cancer. 2021;20(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s12943-021-01316-8 EDN: SWHFKM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Ridge CA, Pua BB, Madoff DC. Epidemiology and staging of renal cell carcinoma. 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