Kazan medical journalKazan medical journalКазанский медицинский журнал0368-48142587-9359Eco-Vector68863510.17816/KMJ688635NCIVEYReviewsОбзорыReview ArticleRole of intestinal microbiome in depressionРоль микробиома кишечника в развитии депрессииhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6183-25863007-8098SergeevYuri A.СергеевЮрий Андреевич
Russian Federation

MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)

канд. мед. наук

serg_yuriy@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3248-62123411-1334BeyerEduard V.БейерЭдуард Владимирович
Russian Federation

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor

д-р мед. наук, профессор

karokris@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9207-65527585-8596BazikovIgor A.БазиковИгорь Александрович
Russian Federation

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor

д-р мед. наук, профессор

bazikov@list.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8070-07069158-3750TaranTatyana V.ТаранТатьяна Викторовна
Russian Federation

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor

д-р мед. наук, профессор

mikra-2018@mail.ruStavropol State Medical UniversityСтавропольский государственный медицинский университет1912202508022026107186990408202516102025Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор2026Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/688635

Depression has become one of the most significant concerns in neuropsychiatry and neuropharmacology. This is supported by recent concepts that emphasize the variability of mechanisms underlying depression. The pathogenesis of depression involves multiple factors, including changes in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis regulation, impaired homeostasis with destabilized monoamine levels, and reduced neuroplasticity with cytokine expression and microglia activation. Recent research into the gut-brain axis has significantly improved our understanding of the mechanisms behind depression. The interactions between the intestinal microbiome and the central nervous system are thought to have numerous manifestations, including those that can serve as predictors of depression. These characteristics include neurotransmitter signaling, cofactor-mediated stimulation, and increased synthesis of neurotransmitters required for mental health stabilization. However, there is currently no consensus on the nature of these interactions. Therefore, it is relevant to summarize data on the interactions between the intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system in order to improve the treatment of depressive disorders. This review summarizes research papers from PubMed, eLIBRARY.RU, MEDLINE, PMC, PMID, PMCID, and Google Scholar databases published between 2000 and July 30, 2025, examining the relationship between depressive disorders and anxiety and changes in microbiome composition. The review included case-control studies assessing the characteristics of intestinal microbiota (microbiome) in humans and experimental animals (excluding virome, Archaea, and eukaryotic parasites) in depression and anxiety. Commensal and pathogenic strains were found to contribute to persistent changes in brain functioning. From a pharmacological perspective, data on changes in microorganisms associated with depression and anxiety were summarized. Furthermore, drugs capable of changing the microbiological balance and, thus, indirectly promoting these disorders were identified.

В нейропсихиатрии и психофармакологии проблема депрессии стала одной из самых актуальных. Этому способствует современная риторика, акцентирующая внимание на вариативности механизмов её развития. В патогенезе депрессии участвует множество факторов: изменения в регуляции гипоталамо-гипофизарно-надпочечниковой системы, нарушение внутреннего гомеостаза с дестабилизацией уровней моноаминов, снижение нейропластичности с экспрессией цитокинов и активацией микроглии. В последние годы понимание механизмов депрессии расширилось за счёт изучения взаимоотношений по оси «кишечник — мозг». Считается, что такого рода взаимосвязь между микробиомом кишечника и центральной нервной системой имеет множество проявлений, включая те, которые могут выступать предикторами депрессогенного статуса. К числу таких особенностей относят нейротрансмиттерную передачу, кофакторную стимуляцию, а также синтез большого числа нейромедиаторов, необходимых для стабилизации психики. Однако однозначного мнения о характере этих взаимодействий до настоящего времени не сформировано. В связи с этим систематизация данных о механизмах взаимодействия микробиоты и центральной нервной системы имеет важное значение для разработки подходов к коррекции депрессивных нарушений. В обзоре обобщены данные научных статей из баз PubMed, eLibrary.Ru, MEDLINE, PMC, PMID, PMCID, Google Scholar за период с 2000 года по 30 июля 2025 г., посвящённых взаимосвязи депрессивных расстройств и тревожности с изменением микробного соотношения. Включены исследования типа случай — контроль, рассматривающие характеристики кишечной микробиоты (микробиома) у людей и экспериментальных животных (за исключением вирома, археома и эукариотических паразитов) при депрессии и тревоге. Отмечено влияние комменсальных и патогенных штаммов микроорганизмов на формирование стойких изменений функций мозга. С фармакологической точки зрения систематизированы данные об изменениях микробиологических единиц, ассоциированных с депрессией и тревогой, а также указаны лекарственные средства, способные изменять микробиологический баланс и, как следствие, косвенно способствовать развитию этих расстройств.

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