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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">688194</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ688194</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">EOAGQD</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical and clinical medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретическая и клиническая медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Predictive informativeness of risk factors for the development of ovarian cancer of different histological types: a randomized study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности предикторной информативности факторов риска развития рака яичников различных гистологических типов: рандомизированное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8204-705X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5882-7437</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grafskaya</surname><given-names>Maria Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Графская</surname><given-names>Мария Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), doctoral student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, докторант</p></bio><email>mariagrafskaja@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1084-5176</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6610-7824</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Verenikina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вереникина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Head, Depart. of Oncogynecology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, заведующая, отд. онкогинекологии</p></bio><email>ekat.veren@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3545-9359</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4014-8502</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Demidova</surname><given-names>Alexandra A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демидова</surname><given-names>Александра Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Head of Depart.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент, заведующая кафедрой</p></bio><email>alald@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5996-1218</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9483-1710</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filippov</surname><given-names>Fedor E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филиппов</surname><given-names>Фёдор Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), doctoral student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, докторант</p></bio><email>fillippfe@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7415-9546</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9045-8888</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karasenko</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карасенко</surname><given-names>Наталья Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Physics and Mathematics), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>karasenko64@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Rostov State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ростовский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>107</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-23"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-27"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-02-08"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/688194">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/688194</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Given the considerable morphological heterogeneity of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer, characterized by differences in clinical course and rates of progression, investigation of predictors specific to each histological type is of particular relevance.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: This work aimed to identify the predictive significance of hereditary and phenotypic factors modulating the risk of developing different histological types of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer.</p> <p><bold>METHODS</bold>: A total of 620 patients with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer of various histological types were examined in the main group: serous carcinoma (57.7%), endometrioid carcinoma (23.1%), clear cell carcinoma (11.6%), and mucinous ovarian carcinoma (7.6%). The control group consisted of 226 women without cancer. Information on risk factors was obtained from medical records. Comparative analysis of the frequency characteristics of the studied variables between the main and control groups was performed using the Pearson chi-square (χ<sup>2</sup>) test. The strength of association was assessed using Cramér’s V coefficient.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: Compared with the control group, the main group showed higher frequencies of ovarian cancer (7.7% vs. 0%; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001) and breast cancer (5.0% vs. 0%; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001) in first-degree relatives; obesity in childhood (11.3% vs. 5.3%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.002), obesity in adolescence (10.6% vs. 3.5%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.001), and obesity at the time of primary diagnosis (47.1% vs. 21.7%; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). The main group more frequently reported the use of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (45.0% vs. 33.6%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.003) and endometriosis (13.4% vs. 7.5%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.02), whereas full-term pregnancy (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001), breastfeeding (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001), and oral contraceptive use (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001) were less frequent. For the development of advanced serous ovarian carcinoma, the most substantial predictors were hereditary factors, obesity at the time of diagnosis, and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. In comparison with serous carcinoma, the distinguishing predictors were endometriosis, late menopause, and obesity in childhood and adolescence for endometrioid carcinoma; endometriosis for clear cell carcinoma; and obesity in adolescence and smoking for mucinous ovarian carcinoma.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: In rare histological types of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer, compared with serous carcinoma, the predictive significance of endometriosis, late menopause, smoking, and obesity in childhood and adolescence increases substantially.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Ввиду большого числа морфологических типов инвазивного эпителиального рака яичников, различающихся клиническим течением и сроками прогрессирования, актуальным является изучение предикторов развития каждого гистологического типа данных опухолей в отдельности.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold>. Выявить предикторную значимость наследуемых и фенотипических факторов, модулирующих риск развития различных гистологических типов инвазивного эпителиального рака яичников.</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold>. Обследованы 620 пациенток основной группы с инвазивным эпителиальным раком яичников различных гистотипов: серозная карцинома (57,7%), эндометриоидный рак (23,1%), светлоклеточный (11,6%) и муцинозный рак яичников (7,6%). Контрольную группу составили 226 женщин без онкологической патологии. Информацию о факторах риска собирали по историям болезни. Проводили сравнительный анализ частотных характеристик признаков между основной и контрольной группами с помощью критерия χ<sup>2 </sup>Пирсона. Оценку силы связи осуществляли с использованием коэффициента Крамера.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. В основной группе по сравнению с контрольной чаще наблюдалось наличие у кровных родственников рака яичников (7,7 против 0%; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001) и рака молочной железы (5,0 против 0%; <italic>р</italic> &lt; 0,001), ожирения в детстве (11,3 против 5,3%; <italic>р</italic> = 0,002), в юности (10,6 против 3,5%; <italic>р</italic> = 0,001), а также ожирения на момент первичного выявления заболевания (47,1 против 21,7%; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001). В основной группе чаще отмечались проведение заместительной гормональной терапии в постменопаузе (45,0 против 33,6%; <italic>р</italic> = 0,003) и наличие эндометриоза (13,4 против 7,5%; <italic>р</italic> = 0,02), а реже — доношенная беременность (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001), грудное вскармливание (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001) и применение оральных контрацептивов (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001). Для развития распространённой серозной карциномы яичников наиболее значимыми предикторами являлись наследственные факторы, ожирение на момент выявления заболевания и проведение заместительной гормональной терапии в постменопаузе. По сравнению с серозной карциномой для эндометриоидного рака отличительными предикторами выступали эндометриоз, поздняя менопауза, ожирение в детстве и юности; для светлоклеточного рака — эндометриоз; для муцинозного рака яичников — ожирение в юности и курение.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. При редких формах инвазивного эпителиального рака яичников по сравнению с серозной карциномой возрастает предикторная значимость таких факторов, как эндометриоз, поздняя менопауза, курение, ожирение в детском возрасте и юности.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ovarian cancer</kwd><kwd>histological types</kwd><kwd>predictors</kwd><kwd>protective factors</kwd><kwd>prevention</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак яичников</kwd><kwd>гистологические типы</kwd><kwd>предикторы</kwd><kwd>протективные факторы</kwd><kwd>профилактика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Webb PM, Jordan SJ. Global epidemiology of epithelial ovarian cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2024;21(5):389–400. doi: 10.1038/s41571-024-00881-3 EDN: MFXNHP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>De Leo A, Santini D, Ceccarelli C, et al. 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