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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">685965</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ685965</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">KLXJZX</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical and clinical medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретическая и клиническая медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Role of microvesicles and netosis in coagulopathy in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a randomized clinical trial</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль микровезикул и нетоза при коагулопатиях у пациентов с COVID-19: рандомизированное клиническое исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>微血管和网状病在COVID-19患者凝血病中的作用：一项随机临床试验</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8543-6529</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3290-5459</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gracheva</surname><given-names>Elena S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грачева</surname><given-names>Елена Сегреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgrad. Student, Assistant, Depart. of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, ассистент, каф. биохимии и клинической лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><email>Gracheva020688@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9683-3012</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1588-6988</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mustafin</surname><given-names>Il’shat G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мустафин</surname><given-names>Ильшат Ганиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Head, Depart. of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий, каф. биохимии и клинической лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><email>ilshat.mustafin@kazangmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6019-5514</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4751-7443</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samigullin</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самигуллин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (biology), Head, Lab. of Biophysics and Synaptic Processes</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, заведующий, лаб. биофизики синаптических процессов</p></bio><email>samid75@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-2725</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6676-4270</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdulganieva</surname><given-names>Diana I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдулганиева</surname><given-names>Диана Ильдаровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Head, Hospital therapy depart.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий, каф. госпитальной терапии</p></bio><email>diana-s@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics — Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский институт биохимии и биофизики — Казанский научный центр Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский национальный исследовательский технический университет им. А.Н. Туполева-КАИ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>106</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>693</fpage><lpage>706</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-26"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-11"><day>11</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-10-05"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/685965">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/685965</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: The high incidence of thrombotic complications in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly worsens the prognosis of the disease. The primary issue is limited comprehension on the mechanisms by which systemic inflammation, neutrophil activation, extracellular neutrophil traps, and microvesicle-mediated hemostasis disorders are interconnected.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: This study aimed to investigate the link between microvesicles and extracellular neutrophil traps and the occurrence of coagulopathies in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of these phenomena were assessed based on the severity of the patients’ condition.</p> <p><bold>METHODS</bold>: The study included 213 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (138 patients with moderate disease and 75 with severe disease) and 20 healthy donors. The patients underwent blood chemistry, coagulation, and hematology tests. A quantitative analysis of microvesicles was performed using flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies specific for surface markers (CD45, CD3, CD14, CD15, and CD61). The interaction of microvesicles with extracellular neutrophil traps was observed by confocal microscopy (Leica TCS SP5) using fluorescent labels (DAPI, FITC, APC, and PE) and subsequently analyzed for colocalization using a LAS AF package. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and linear regression methods.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: The patients with moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection had hypercoagulation (fibrinogen, 4.8 [4.00; 5.60] g/L; D-dimer, 0.78 [0.30; 1.28] mg/L), with increased levels of neutrophil-derived (CD15⁺, 53.34% ± 6.92%) and platelet-derived (CD61⁺, 59.74% ± 11.22%) microvesicles. Tissue factor-enriched filamentous extracellular neutrophil traps with microvesicles were identified. The severe cases were associated with decreased levels of neutrophil-derived (CD15⁺, 10.32% ± 4.29%) and platelet-derived (CD61⁺, 20.9% ± 6.01%) microvesicles, thrombocytopenia (139.5 [104.25; 177.75] × 10⁹/L), hypocoagulation (international normalized ratio: 2.60 [2.32; 3.58]), and CD62⁺-positive aggregates.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: Microvesicles and extracellular neutrophil traps play a key role in dysregulated hemostasis in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Early hypercoagulation is mediated by their procoagulant activity, and severe cases are associated with decreased levels of peripheral microvesicles, which is indicative of consumptive coagulopathy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Высокая частота тромботических осложнений при COVID-19 существенно ухудшает прогноз заболевания. Ключевая проблема заключается в недостаточной изученности механизмов, связывающих системное воспаление и активацию нейтрофилов с образованием внеклеточных ловушек, а также нарушениями гемостаза, опосредованными микровезикулами.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold>. Изучить влияние микровезикул и нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушек на развитие коагулопатий при COVID-19 в зависимости от тяжести течения, оценив их количественные и качественные характеристики.</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold>. В исследование включены 213 пациентов с COVID-19 (138 — среднетяжёлое течение, 75 — тяжёлое) и 20 здоровых доноров. Всем пациентам проведены биохимические, коагулометрические и гематологические исследования. Количественный анализ микровезикул выполняли методом проточной цитометрии с моноклональными антителами к поверхностным маркёрам (CD45, CD3, CD14, CD15, CD61). Взаимодействие микровезикул с нейтрофильными внеклеточными ловушками изучали методом конфокальной микроскопии (Leica TCS SP5) с применением флуоресцентных меток (DAPI, FITC, APC, PE) и последующей колокализацией в пакете Las AF. Статистический анализ выполнен с использованием критерия Стьюдента, коэффициента корреляции Спирмена и методов линейной регрессии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. У пациентов со среднетяжёлым течением COVID-19 выявлена гиперкоагуляция (фибриноген 4,8 [4,00; 5,60] г/л; D-димер 0,78 [0,30; 1,28] мг/л) с повышенным уровнем микровезикул нейтрофильного (CD15⁺ 53,34±6,92%) и тромбоцитарного (CD61⁺ 59,74±11,22%) происхождения. Обнаружены нитеподобные структуры нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушек с микровезикулами, ассоциированные с тканевым фактором (TF<sup>+</sup>). При тяжёлом течении зарегистрировано снижение микровезикул нейтрофильного (CD15⁺ 10,32±4,29%) и тромбоцитарного (CD61⁺ 20,9±6,01%) происхождения, тромбоцитопения (139,5 [104,25; 177,75]×10<sup>9</sup>/л) и гипокоагуляция (международное нормализованное отношение — 2,60 [2,32; 3,58]), а также агрегаты CD62⁺-позитивных микрочастиц.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Микровезикулы и нейтрофильные внеклеточные ловушки играют ключевую роль в нарушении системы гемостаза при COVID-19: гиперкоагуляция на ранних стадиях опосредована их прокоагулянтной активностью, тогда как при тяжёлом течении снижение уровня циркулирующих в периферической крови микровезикул отражает коагулопатию потребления.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证：</bold>COVID-19血栓并发症的高发病率显着恶化了疾病的预后。关键问题在于缺乏对将全身炎症和中性粒细胞活化与细胞外陷阱的形成以及由微血管介导的止血障碍联系起来的机制的理解。</p> <p><bold>目的：</bold>根据病程的严重程度，研究微泡和中性粒细胞胞外陷阱对COVID-19凝血病发展的影响，评估其定量和定性特征。</p> <p><bold>方法：</bold>该研究包括213名COVID-19患者（138名中度，75名重度）和20名健康捐赠者。所有患者都接受了生化，凝血和血液学检查。用单克隆抗体对表面标记物（CD45、CD3、CD14、CD15、CD61）进行流式细胞术对微泡进行定量分析。共聚焦显微镜（Leica TCS SP5）使用荧光标签（DAPI、FITC、APC、PE）和随后在Las AF包装中进行共定位，研究了微泡与中性粒细胞胞外陷阱的相互作用。使用学生准则，Spearman相关系数和线性回归方法进行统计分析。</p> <p><bold>结果：</bold>在中度 COVID-19 患者中检测到高凝状态（纤维蛋白原 4.8 ［4.00; 5.60］ g/l；D-二聚体 0.78 ［0.30; 1.28］ mg/l），中性粒细胞（CD15<sup>+</sup> 53.34±6.92%）和血小板（CD61<sup>+</sup> 59.74±11.22%）微囊泡水平升高。发现中性粒细胞胞外陷阱与组织因子（TF<sup>+</sup>）相关的微泡的丝状结构。 在严重的情况下，记录了中性粒细胞（CD15<sup>+</sup> 10.32±4.29％）和血小板（CD61<sup>+</sup> 20.9±6.01％）来源的微血管减少，血小板减少（139.5［104.25; 177.75］×10<sup>9</sup>/l）和低凝（国际归一化比率为2.60［2.32; 3.58］），以及CD62<sup>+</sup>-阳性微颗粒的聚集体。</p> <p><bold>结论：</bold>微泡和嗜中性粒细胞胞外陷阱在破坏COVID-19的止血系统中起关键作用：早期的高凝是由它们的促凝血活性介导的，而在严重的情况下，外周血中循环的微泡水平的降低反映了消耗性凝血病。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>SARS-CoV-2 infection</kwd><kwd>microvesicles</kwd><kwd>extracellular neutrophil traps</kwd><kwd>hypercoagulation</kwd><kwd>consumptive coagulopathy</kwd><kwd>immunothrombosis</kwd><kwd>confocal microscopy</kwd><kwd>flow cytometry</kwd><kwd>systemic inflammation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>микровезикулы</kwd><kwd>нейтрофильные внеклеточные ловушки</kwd><kwd>гиперкоагуляция</kwd><kwd>коагулопатия потребления</kwd><kwd>иммунотромбоз</kwd><kwd>конфокальная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>проточная цитометрия</kwd><kwd>системное воспаление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>微泡</kwd><kwd>嗜中性粒细胞胞外陷阱</kwd><kwd>高凝</kwd><kwd>消耗性凝血病</kwd><kwd>免疫血栓形成</kwd><kwd>共聚焦显微镜</kwd><kwd>流式细胞术</kwd><kwd>全身炎症</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Tang N, Li D, Wang X, et al. 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