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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">680075</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ680075</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">KFHMJP</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Atopic dermatitis: pathogenetic mechanisms and role of biomarkers in diagnosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Атопический дерматит: патогенетические механизмы и роль биомаркеров в диагностике</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>特应性皮炎：致病机制和生物标志物在诊断中的作用</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1180-228X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9102-2336</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borukaeva</surname><given-names>Irina Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борукаева</surname><given-names>Ирина Хасанбиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Head, Depart. of Normal and Pathological Human Physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, заведующая, каф. нормальной и патологической физиологии человека</p></bio><email>irborukaeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0997-1099</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7279-9097</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Temirzhanova</surname><given-names>Farida Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Темиржанова</surname><given-names>Фарида Хасановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, Depart. of Normal and Pathological Human Physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, каф. нормальной и патологической физиологии человека</p></bio><email>temirzhanova.farida@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3671-481X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3214-4894</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shkhagumov</surname><given-names>Kazbek Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шхагумов</surname><given-names>Казбек Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Normal and Pathological Human Physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, каф. нормальной и патологической физиологии человека</p></bio><email>kazbek07_07@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2827-5068</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5442-5253</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abazova</surname><given-names>Zalina Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абазова</surname><given-names>Залина Хасановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Normal and Pathological Human Physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, каф. нормальной и патологической физиологии человека</p></bio><email>zalina.abazova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8498-1165</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1308-6694</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Getigezheva</surname><given-names>Amina Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гетигежева</surname><given-names>Амина Заурбиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of General Medical Training and Medical Rehabilitation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, каф. общей врачебной подготовки и медицинской реабилитации</p></bio><email>amina.geti@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kabardino-Balkarian State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кабардино-Балкарский государственный университет им. Х.М. Бербекова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>106</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>609</fpage><lpage>618</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-20"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-03"><day>03</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-08-05"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/680075">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/680075</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that typically develops in childhood and often persists into adulthood. Its multifactorial pathogenesis involves genetic predisposition, epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation with a predominance of the Th2 response, and environmental and microbiome-related influences. One of its key genetic contributors is filaggrin deficiency due to gene mutations, which leads to decreased of natural moisturizing factor synthesis and increased stratum corneum permeability. Other significant mechanisms include impaired tight junction integrity and epidermal protease–antiprotease activity imbalance. The immune component of atopic dermatitis is characterized by increased levels of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-31, which contribute to inflammation and further skin barrier impairment. Cutaneous microbiota dysbiosis, particularly overgrowth of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, also plays a crucial role in disease exacerbation. Despite advances in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of atopic dermatitis, its diagnosis remains clinical, with limited use of laboratory biomarkers owing to the lack of universal, sensitive, and specific indicators. This review addresses key aspects of epidermal barrier function, genetic mutations, immune responses, and the role of the skin microbiome. Special attention is given to filaggrin gene mutations and the potential of cytokines and other serological markers as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Analysis identified potential targets for diagnosis and disease severity assessment. However, large-scale studies are required to validate their clinical utility. This is especially relevant in personalized medicine and treatment optimization for patients with atopic dermatitis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Атопический дерматит — это хроническое воспалительное заболевание кожи, возникающее преимущественно в детском возрасте, однако часто сохраняющееся и у взрослых. Патогенез атопического дерматита является многофакторным и включает генетическую предрасположенность, нарушение функции эпидермального барьера, иммунную дисрегуляцию с преобладанием Th2-ответа, а также влияние факторов окружающей среды и микробиоты кожи. Одним из ключевых генетических факторов считается дефицит филаггрина, обусловленный мутациями в соответствующем гене, что ведёт к снижению синтеза естественного увлажняющего фактора и повышенной проницаемости рогового слоя кожи. Также значимыми являются нарушения в системе плотных межклеточных контактов и дисбаланс активности эпидермальных протеаз и антипротеаз. Иммунная составляющая заболевания характеризуется активностью цитокинов интерлейкин-4 (IL-4), IL-13, IL-31, которые способствуют как воспалению, так и дополнительному нарушению барьерной функции кожи. Нарушение кожного микробиома, в частности избыточный рост <italic>Staphylococcus</italic><italic> </italic><italic>aureus</italic><italic>,</italic> также играет важную роль в обострении заболевания. Несмотря на активное изучение молекулярных и клеточных механизмов атопического дерматита, диагностика по-прежнему остаётся клинической, а использование лабораторных биомаркеров ограничено отсутствием универсальных, чувствительных и специфичных индикаторов. В обзоре литературы рассмотрены особенности эпидермального барьера, генетические мутации, иммунные механизмы и влияние микробиоты. Особое внимание уделяется роли гена филаггрина, а также возможности использования цитокинов и других серологических маркеров как потенциальных диагностических и прогностических биомаркеров. В результате анализа выявлены потенциальные мишени для диагностики и оценки тяжести заболевания, однако их клиническое применение требует дальнейших масштабных исследований. Это особенно актуально в контексте развития персонализированной медицины и оптимизации терапии пациентов с атопическим дерматитом.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>特应性皮炎是一种慢性炎症性皮肤病，主要发生在儿童期，但在成人中经常持续存在。 特应性皮炎的发病机制是多因素的，包括遗传易感性，表皮屏障功能受损，免疫失调，Th2反应占优势，以及环境因素和皮肤微生物群的影响。 其中一个关键的遗传因素被认为是由相应基因突变引起的丝状蛋白缺乏，这导致天然保湿因子的合成减少和皮肤角质层的渗透性增加。 同样重要的是密集细胞间接触系统的干扰以及表皮蛋白酶和抗蛋白酶活性的不平衡。 该疾病的免疫成分的特征在于细胞因子白细胞介素-4（IL-4），IL-13，IL-31的活性，它们有助于炎症和皮肤屏障功能的额外破坏。 皮肤微生物组的破坏，特别是<italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>的过度生长，也在疾病的恶化中起着重要作用。 尽管对特应性皮炎的分子和细胞机制进行了积极的研究，但诊断仍然是临床的，实验室生物标志物的使用受到缺乏通用，敏感和特异性指标的限制。 文献综述研究了表皮屏障的特征，基因突变，免疫机制和微生物群的影响。 特别关注菲拉格林基因的作用，以及使用细胞因子和其他血清学标志物作为潜在诊断和预后生物标志物的可能性。 作为分析的结果，已经确定了诊断和评估疾病严重程度的潜在目标，但它们的临床应用需要进一步的大规模研究。 这在个性化医学的发展和特应性皮炎患者的治疗优化的背景下尤其相关。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atopic dermatitis</kwd><kwd>skin barrier</kwd><kwd>filaggrin</kwd><kwd>immune cytokines</kwd><kwd>keratinocytes</kwd><kwd>skin microbiome</kwd><kwd>immunoglobulin E</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атопический дерматит</kwd><kwd>кожный барьер</kwd><kwd>филаггрин</kwd><kwd>иммунные цитокины</kwd><kwd>кератиноциты</kwd><kwd>микробиом кожи</kwd><kwd>иммуноглобулин Е</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>特应性皮炎</kwd><kwd>皮肤屏障</kwd><kwd>丝蛋白</kwd><kwd>免疫细胞因子</kwd><kwd>角质形成细胞</kwd><kwd>皮肤微生物组</kwd><kwd>免疫球蛋白E</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Fishbein AB, Silverberg JI, Wilson EJ, Ong PY. 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