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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">679633</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ679633</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">BKKQRS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical and clinical medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретическая и клиническая медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Liquid biopsy of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid for the detection of extracellular tumor DNA as a tool for glioma diagnosis and genotyping: a cross-sectional observational pilot study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Жидкостная биопсия плазмы и цереброспинальной жидкости с выявлением внеклеточной опухолевой ДНК как инструмент для диагностики и генотипирования глиом: наблюдательное одномоментное пилотное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>血浆和脑脊液的液体活检，检测细胞外肿瘤DNA作为神经胶质瘤诊断和基因分型的工具：观察性单阶段试点研究</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4601-3478</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7068-1678</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakhmatullin</surname><given-names>Tagir I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рахматуллин</surname><given-names>Тагир Ирекович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>intern-researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>стажёр-исследователь</p></bio><email>tagir.rakhmatullin@internet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6594-8113</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3783-4441</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Jain</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джайн</surname><given-names>Марк</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), senior research associate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>jain-mark@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6734-3989</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5404-6202</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samokhodskaya</surname><given-names>Larisa M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самоходская</surname><given-names>Лариса Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), assistant professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>slm@fbm.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8107-3065</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9947-1988</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>Ivan M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>Иван Максимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>neurosurgeon</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-нейрохирург</p></bio><email>alexeev.im@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2974-1462</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9377-4574</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zuev</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зуев</surname><given-names>Андрей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>mosbrain@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical and Surgical Center named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медико-хирургический Центр им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>106</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>909</fpage><lpage>920</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-14"><day>14</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-30"><day>30</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-12-05"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/679633">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/679633</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Liquid biopsy is a promising method used for analyzing tumor-derived genetic material in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. These biological fluids are characterized by low concentrations of such material. Pre-amplification is hypothesized to enhance detection sensitivity.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: This study aimed to assess the detectability and content of extracellular tumor genetic material in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with glioma using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction with and without pre-amplification.</p> <p><bold>METHODS</bold>: The study investigated plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 25 patients newly diagnosed with glioma who were scheduled for partial or total tumor resection. DNA was extracted from 2.5–5 mL of cerebrospinal fluid and 5 mL of plasma. Each sample was examined by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction for <italic>IDH1 R132H</italic> and <italic>TERT</italic> promoter (<italic>C228T</italic> and<italic> C250T</italic>) mutations. Mutation analysis was performed on both isolated and pre-amplified DNA. The false-positive threshold was determined through experiments that analyzed wild-type samples and no-template controls. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon tests for paired data and Spearman’s correlation test.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: The sensitivity and specificity of cerebrospinal fluid liquid biopsy without pre-amplification were 14.3% and 100% for grade 1–3 gliomas, respectively, and 50% and 100% for grade 4 gliomas. After pre-amplification, the values were 57.1% and 50% for grade 1–3 gliomas and 75% and 80% for grade 4 gliomas. Extracellular DNA levels showed a significant correlation with tumor volume, malignancy grade, and contrast enhancement pattern (i.e., none, moderate/heterogeneous, intense, and ring-shaped).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: Liquid biopsy with DNA pre-amplification demonstrates limited sensitivity and specificity in glioma detection. However, it enables assessment of key tumor characteristics, which may be useful for therapeutic decision-making.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Жидкостная биопсия является перспективным методом анализа опухолевого генетического материала в плазме и цереброспинальной жидкости. Эти биологические среды характеризуются низкой концентрацией данного материала. Предполагается, что предварительная амплификация может повысить чувствительность анализа.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold>. Оценить выявляемость и содержание внеклеточного опухолевого генетического материала в плазме и ликворе пациентов с глиомами с помощью цифровой капельной полимеразной цепной реакции без и с использованием преамплификации.</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold>. В исследование включены образцы плазмы и цереброспинальной жидкости 25 пациентов с впервые установленной глиомой, которым была назначена операция по частичному или полному удалению опухоли. ДНК выделяли из 2,5–5 мл ликвора и 5 мл плазмы. Каждый образец анализировали с помощью цифровой капельной полимеразной цепной реакции на наличие мутаций генов <italic>IDH1 R132H</italic> и промотора<italic> TERT C228T </italic>и<italic> C250T</italic>. Поиск мутаций проводили как в растворе выделенной ДНК, так и в растворе после предварительной амплификации. Порог ложноположительных сигналов устанавливали в серии экспериментов с анализом образцов дикого типа и отрицательного контроля без матрицы. При статистической обработке для сравнения парных данных использовали критерии Манна–Уитни и Уилкоксона, для определения корреляционных связей — критерий Спирмена.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Чувствительность и специфичность жидкостной биопсии ликвора без преамплификации составили 14,3 и 100% для пациентов с глиомами степени злокачественности 1–3 и 50 и 100% для пациентов с глиомами степени 4. После преамплификации данные значения составили 57,1 и 50% для глиом степени 1–3 и 75 и 80% для глиом степени 4. Отмечена значимая взаимосвязь между уровнями внеклеточной ДНК и объёмом, степенью злокачественности опухоли, а также характером её контрастного накопления (отсутствие, умеренное/неравномерное, интенсивное, кольцевидное).</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Жидкостная биопсия с предварительной амплификацией ДНК обладает ограниченными чувствительностью и специфичностью в выявлении глиом, однако позволяет оценивать важные характеристики опухоли, что может быть полезно для выбора терапевтической тактики.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证：</bold>液体活组织检查是分析血浆和脑脊液中肿瘤遗传物质的有希望的方法。这些生物介质的特征在于这种材料的低浓度。假定预扩增可增加分析的灵敏度。</p> <p><bold>目的：</bold>利用数字液滴聚合酶链反应不使用和使用预扩增评价神经胶质瘤患者血浆和脑脊液中细胞外肿瘤遗传物质的可检测性和含量。</p> <p><bold>方法：</bold>该研究包括来自25名新诊断的神经胶质瘤患者的血浆和脑脊液样本，这些患者接受手术以部分或完全切除肿瘤。从2.5-5ml脑脊液和5ml血浆中分离DNA。使用数字液滴聚合酶链式反应分析每个样品是否存在<italic>IDH1 R132H</italic>基因和<italic>TERT C228T</italic>和<italic>C250T</italic>启动子中的突变。在分离的DNA溶液中和预扩增后的溶液中进行突变搜索。假阳性信号的阈值在一系列实验中设定，分析野生型样品和没有基质的阴性对照。在统计处理中，使用曼-惠特尼和威尔科森标准来比较配对数据，并使用斯皮尔曼标准来确定相关性。</p> <p><bold>结果：</bold>未经预扩增的液体脑脊液活检的敏感性和特异性对于1-3级神经胶质瘤患者为14.3和100％，对于4级神经胶质瘤患者为50和100％。预扩增后，这些值对于1-3级胶质瘤分别为57.1和50％，对于4级胶质瘤分别为75和80％。注意到细胞外DNA水平与肿瘤的体积，恶性程度以及其对比积累的性质（不存在，中度/不均匀，强烈，环形）之间存在显着关系。</p> <p><bold>结论：</bold>具有DNA预扩增的液体活检在检测胶质瘤方面具有有限的敏感性和特异性，但它使我们能够评估肿瘤的重要特征，这可能对选择治疗策略有用。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>circulating tumor DNA</kwd><kwd>liquid biopsy</kwd><kwd>glioma</kwd><kwd>cerebrospinal fluid</kwd><kwd>TERT promoter</kwd><kwd>IDH1</kwd><kwd>screening</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>циркулирующая опухолевая ДНК</kwd><kwd>жидкостная биопсия</kwd><kwd>глиомы</kwd><kwd>цереброспинальная жидкость</kwd><kwd>промотор TERT</kwd><kwd>IDH1</kwd><kwd>скрининг</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>循环肿瘤DNA</kwd><kwd>液体活检</kwd><kwd>胶质瘤</kwd><kwd>脑脊液</kwd><kwd>TERT启动子</kwd><kwd>IDH1</kwd><kwd>筛查</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования РФ</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>123-032800010-0</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ostrom QT, Price M, Neff C, et al. 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