<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678646</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ678646</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PZMVTK</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Immunomodulatory effect of multipotent stromal cells</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Иммуномодуляторное действие мультипотентных стромальных клеток</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>多潜能基质细胞的免疫调节作用</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8182-5084</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8626-5394</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maiborodin</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Майбородин</surname><given-names>Игорь Валентинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Chief research associate, Lab. of Invasive Medical Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, лаб. инвазивных медицинских технологий</p></bio><email>imai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2011-1253</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7560-2751</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yarin</surname><given-names>Gennadiy Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ярин</surname><given-names>Геннадий Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), doctoral student, Lab. of Invasive Medical Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, докторант, лаб. инвазивных медицинских технологий</p></bio><email>gennadiyyarin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5279-3650</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryaguzov</surname><given-names>Maxim E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рягузов</surname><given-names>Максим Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), research associate, Lab. of Invasive Medical Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, научный сотрудник, лаб. инвазивных медицинских технологий</p></bio><email>rymax@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3497-5856</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9310-1220</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsukanov</surname><given-names>Anton Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цуканов</surname><given-names>Антон Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Head, depart. of surgery and urology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий, каф. хирургических болезней и урологии ДПО</p></bio><email>autt@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4140-3531</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9905-4138</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sheplev</surname><given-names>Boris V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шеплев</surname><given-names>Борис Валентинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Rector</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, ректор</p></bio><email>shepa@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirskii mediko-stomatologicheskii institut Dentmaster</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский медико-стоматологический институт Дентмастер</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Omsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Омский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>106</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>819</fpage><lpage>831</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-17"><day>17</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-20"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-10-05"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/678646">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/678646</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Multipotent stromal (stem) cells are currently the subject of extensive research. Initially, special attention was given to their reparative properties; however, in recent years, the focus switched toward their immunomodulatory effects. Multipotent cells inhibit T cell proliferation (directly and via exosomes), suppress proinflammatory cytokine production, and activate anti-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. Owing to these effects, cell technologies are currently used in the treatment of Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, and other disorders. Furthermore, multipotent stromal cells have demonstrated efficacy in acute respiratory distress syndrome models, supporting their potential use in the treatment of COVID-19 complications. They interact with target cells via both paracrine signaling and direct cell–cell interactions. However, multipotent cell-driven immunoregulation and immunosuppression mechanisms are still poorly understood. The use of multipotent cells is highly dependent on the cell source and their functions <italic>in vivo</italic>; moreover, functional capabilities of stem cells are known to decline with age. It is also essential to consider potential complications of immunomodulatory effects of multipotent stromal cells, including long-term, severe immunosuppression, which may result in prolonged inflammation in infections and facilitate the progression of malignant neoplasms. For the effective use of multipotent cells, changes in gene expression induced by cell culture and various disorders must be taken into account. Further research is warranted into the mechanisms behind the immunomodulatory effect of multipotent stromal cells, as well as indications and contraindications for cell therapy in humans and animals. Moreover, it will be beneficial to investigate ways to control the functions of stem cells in various microenvironments.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Мультипотентные стромальные (стволовые) клетки являются объектом многочисленных исследований. Первоначально основное внимание уделялось их репаративным свойствам, однако в последние годы интерес сместился к иммуномодулирующим возможностям. Мультипотентные клетки напрямую и посредством экзосом супрессируют пролиферацию Т-лимфоцитов, подавляют продукцию провоспалительных цитокинов и активируют синтез противовоспалительных. Благодаря этим эффектам клеточные технологии нашли применение при лечении болезни Гентингтона, рассеянного склероза, аутоиммунного энцефаломиелита, склеродермии, системной красной волчанки, ревматоидного артрита, миастении гравис и других патологий. Кроме того, мультипотентные стромальные клетки продемонстрировали эффективность на моделях острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома, что указывает на перспективность их использования в коррекции осложнений COVID-19. Взаимодействие с клетками-мишенями осуществляется как через паракринные сигналы, так и посредством прямого межклеточного контакта. Однако механизмы иммунорегуляции и иммуносупрессии мультипотентными клетками до конца не изучены. Их применение во многом зависит от источника клеток и их функций <italic>in vivo</italic>, при этом известно, что с возрастом функциональные возможности стволовых клеток снижаются. Следует учитывать и возможные осложнения иммуномодулирующего действия мультипотентных стромальных клеток, включая длительную выраженную иммуносупрессию, что может приводить к затяжному воспалительному процессу при инфекциях, а также создавать благоприятные условия для прогрессирования злокачественных опухолей. Для эффективного использования мультипотентных клеток следует учитывать изменения экспрессии генов, индуцируемые культивированием и различными патологическими состояниями. Целесообразны дальнейшие исследования как механизмов иммуномодулирующего эффекта мультипотентных клеток, так и особенностей показаний и противопоказаний к применению клеточной терапии у пациентов и животных. Целесообразен поиск способов управления функциями стволовых клеток в различных микроокружениях.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>多潜能基质（干细胞）细胞是众多研究的主题。最初，重点是它们的修复特性，但近年来，兴趣已经转移到免疫调节能力。多潜能细胞直接和通过外来体抑制T淋巴细胞的增殖，抑制促炎细胞因子的产生，激活抗炎细胞因子的合成。由于这些作用，细胞技术已经发现应用于治疗亨廷顿病、多发性硬化症、自身免疫性脑脊髓炎、硬皮病、系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎、重症肌无力和其他病 此外，多潜能基质细胞在急性呼吸窘迫综合征的模型中表现出有效性，这表明它们在纠正COVID-19并发症方面的应用前景。与靶细胞的相互作用既通过旁分泌信号进行，也通过细胞间直接接触进行。然而，多潜能细胞的免疫调节和免疫抑制的机制尚未完全了解。它们的使用在很大程度上取决于细胞的来源及其在体内的功能，而已知干细胞的功能能力随着年龄的增长而降低。还应考虑多潜能基质细胞免疫调节作用的可能并发症，包括延长的明显免疫抑制，这可导致感染中延长的炎症过程，以及为恶性肿瘤的进展创造有利条 为了有效利用多潜能细胞，应考虑到培养诱导的基因表达的变化和各种病理状况。建议进一步研究多潜能细胞的免疫调节作用机制以及在患者和动物中使用细胞治疗的具体适应症和禁忌症。搜索控制干细胞在各种微环境中的功能的方法是明智的。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multipotent stromal cells</kwd><kwd>immunomodulation</kwd><kwd>immunocompetent cells</kwd><kwd>acute inflammation</kwd><kwd>chronic inflammation</kwd><kwd>cell therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мультипотентные стромальные клетки</kwd><kwd>иммуномодуляция</kwd><kwd>иммунокомпетентные клетки</kwd><kwd>острое воспаление</kwd><kwd>хроническое воспаление</kwd><kwd>клеточная терапия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>多潜能基质细胞</kwd><kwd>免疫调节</kwd><kwd>免疫功能细胞</kwd><kwd>急性炎症</kwd><kwd>慢性炎症</kwd><kwd>细胞治疗</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования РФ</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FWGN-2025-0019</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Maria AT, Maumus M, Le Quellec A, et al. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in autoimmune disorders: state of the art and perspectives for systemic sclerosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2017;52(2):234–259. doi: 10.1007/s12016-016-8552-9 EDN: YETLFF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Conklin LS, Hanley PJ, Galipeau J, et al. Intravenous mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: Lessons from the acute graft versus host disease experience. Cytotherapy. 2017;19(6):655–667. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.03.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Vigo T, Procaccini C, Ferrara G, et al. IFN-γ orchestrates mesenchymal stem cell plasticity through the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 3 and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;26(8):1667–1676. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Farzamfar S, Garcia LM, Rahmani M, Bolduc S. Navigating the Immunological Crossroads: Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells as Architects of Inflammatory Harmony in Tissue-Engineered Constructs. Bioengineering. 2024;(5):494. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering11050494 EDN: ILUYMK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>de Witte SFH, Merino AM, Franquesa M, et al. Cytokine treatment optimises the immunotherapeutic effects of umbilical cord-derived MSC for treatment of inflammatory liver disease. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8(1):140. doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0590-6 EDN: EXMOYS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Faghih H, Javeri A, Taha MF. Impact of early subcultures on stemness, migration and angiogenic potential of adipose tissue-derived stem cells and their resistance to in vitro ischemic condition. Cytotechnology. 2017;69(6):885–900. doi: 10.1007/s10616-017-0104-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Yang Q, Huang J, Liu Y, et al. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Anti-Inflammation and Angiogenesis by Targeting Macrophages in a Rat Uterine Scar Model. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2024;20(6):1555–1568. doi: 10.1007/s12015-024-10730-6 EDN: YZHSAE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Liu L, Liu H, Chen M, et al. miR-301b~miR-130b-PPARγ axis underlies the adipogenic capacity of mesenchymal stem cells with different tissue origins. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1160. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01294-2 EDN: BDJURU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Loisel S, Dulong J, Ménard C, et al. Brief report: Proteasomal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase degradation reduces the immunosuppressive potential of clinical grade-mesenchymal stromal cells undergoing replicative senescence. Stem Cells. 2017;35:1431–1436. doi: 10.1002/stem.2580</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Lopez-Santalla M, Mancheño-Corvo P, Escolano A, et al. Biodistribution and efficacy of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells following intranodal administration in experimental colitis. Front Immunol. 2017;8:638. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00638</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Shree N, Venkategowda S, Venkatranganna MV, Bhonde RR. Treatment with adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells and their conditioned media reverse carrageenan induced paw oedema in db/db mice. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;90:350–353. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.090</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Yang R, Yu T, Zhou Y. Interplay between craniofacial stem cells and immune stimulus. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8(1):147. doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0607-1 EDN: PEPTMM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang X, Huang W, Chen X, et al. CXCR5-overexpressing mesenchymal stromal cells exhibit enhanced homing and can decrease contact hypersensitivity. Mol Ther. 2017;25(6):1434–1447. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Zhong Y, Zhu Y, Hu X, et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stromal cells suppress inflammation in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis and lung fibrosis by regulating T-cell function. Cytotherapy. 2024;26(8):930–938. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.03.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Parys M, Kruger JM, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V. Evaluation of immunomodulatory properties of feline mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev. 2017;26(10):776–785. doi: 10.1089/scd.2016.0041 EDN: YGQJYD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang H, Tao Y, Liu H, et al. Immunomodulatory function of whole human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Immunol. 2017;87):293–299. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.03.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Moratin H, Mache I, Goncalves M, et al. Preconditioning with Wound Fluid Enhances Immunosuppressive Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;26(1):293. doi: 10.3390/ijms26010293 EDN: QCTGVI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Li CL, Leng Y, Zhao B, et al. Human iPSC-MSC-derived xenografts modulate immune responses by inhibiting the cleavage of caspases. Stem Cells. 2017;35(7):1719–1732. doi: 10.1002/stem.2638</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Zhao J, Qi YJ, Wang X, et al. Transforming Growth Factor-β Partially Reversed the Immunosuppressive Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Mice. Transplant Proc. 2018;50(10):3851–3857. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.08.054</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Amouzegar A, Mittal SK, Sahu A, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells modulate differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells during inflammation. Stem Cells. 2017;35(6):1532–1541. doi: 10.1002/stem.2611</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Jackson MV, Krasnodembskaya AD. Analysis of mitochondrial transfer in direct co-cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Bio Protoc. 2017;7(9):e2255. doi: 10.21769/BioProtoc.2255</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Xia ZY, Wang Y, Shi N, et al. Fetal mice dermal mesenchymal stem cells promote wound healing by inducing M2 type macrophage polarization. World J Stem Cells. 2025;17(2):101030. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v17.i2.101030 EDN: KXKEJU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Dong Z, Fu Y, Cai Z, et al. Recent advances in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for regulating macrophage polarization. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1525466. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1525466</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Tang Y, Li Y, Yang W, et al. Nasal mucosal mesenchymal stem cells promote repair of sciatic nerve injury in rats by modulating the inflammatory microenvironment. Neurosci Lett. 2025;848:138112. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.138112 EDN: YBRQRR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Ni Y, Tian B, Lv J, et al. 3D-Printed PCL Scaffolds Loaded with bFGF and BMSCs Enhance Tendon-Bone Healing in Rat Rotator Cuff Tears by Immunomodulation and Osteogenesis Promotion. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2025;11(2):1123–1139. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02340 EDN: XGUSJQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Song J, Huang S, Linghu X, et al. 3D printing of different fibres towards HA/PCL scaffolding induces macrophage polarization and promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. PLoS One. 2025;20(1):e0314150. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0314150 EDN: NJILSE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Yang Q, Wang S, Chen A, et al. A poly(ether-ketone-ketone) composite scaffold simulating the immune-osteogenic cascade for in situ bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B. 2025;13(15):4641-4656. doi: 10.1039/d5tb00070j</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Bayati F, Valadi M, Ahmadi A, et al. Evaluation of immunomodulatory effects of co-culture or supernatant of dexamethasone or IFN-γ-treated adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on spleen mononuclear cells. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2022;33(3):70–78. doi: 10.1684/ecn.2022.0482 EDN: PEYMGF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>de Freitas S, Makiyama EN, Neves BRO, et al. The Influence of Cyanidin-3-Glucoside on the Modulation of Immune Cell Responses by Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium. Cell Biochem Funct. 2025;43(2):e70059. doi: 10.1002/cbf.70059 EDN: DSOENR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Santos ACA, Sartori T, Borelli P, Fock RA. Prostaglandin F2α in vitro can affect basic inflammatory parameters of mesenchymal stem cells and slight modulating some of their immunomodulatory properties. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2020;163:102210. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102210 EDN: CKPLXL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Kwon HY, Yoon Y, Hong JE, et al. Role of TGF-β and p38 MAPK in TSG-6 Expression in Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;25(1):477. doi: 10.3390/ijms25010477 EDN: IWMEOI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Tan Y, Cai J, Wang Z. Epsilon-caprolactone-modified polyethylenimine as a genetic vehicle for stem cell-based bispecific antibody and exosome synergistic therapy. Regen Biomater. 2022;10:rbac090. doi: 10.1093/rb/rbac090 EDN: AHXDQT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Saljoughi Berenji B, Mirershadi F. Molecular Pathways Underlying the Therapeutic Effect of Stem Cells during Asthmatic Changes. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2024;23(6):600–624. doi: 10.18502/ijaai.v23i6.17372 EDN: DHMLHK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Colpo GD, Rocha NP, Stimming EF, Teixeira AL. Immunomodulatory strategies for Huntington's disease treatment. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2017;16(8):936–944. doi: 10.2174/1871527316666170613084801</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Xiao J, Yang R, Biswas S, et al. Neural stem cell-based regenerative approaches for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55(4):3152–3171. doi: 10.1007/s12035-017-0566-7 EDN: YDRDXN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Togha M, Jahanshahi M, Alizadeh L, et al. Rapamycin augments immunomodulatory properties of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Neurobiol. 2017;54(4):2445–2457. doi: 10.1007/s12035-016-9840-3 EDN: TKKWYS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Chua AWC, Guo D, Tan JC, et al. Intraperitoneally Delivered Umbilical Cord Lining Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Improve Survival and Kidney Function in Murine Lupus via Myeloid Pathway Targeting. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;24(1):365. doi: 10.3390/ijms24010365 EDN: TRSEOS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Ranjbar A, Hassanzadeh H, Jahandoust F, et al. Allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation for refractory lupus nephritis: Results of a phase I clinical trial. Curr Res Transl Med. 2022;70(2):103324. doi: 10.1016/j.retram.2021.103324 EDN: BOHCLK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Feng Z, Yang Y, Liu XZ, et al. Application of cell therapy in rheumatoid Arthritis: Focusing on the immunomodulatory strategies of Mesenchymal stem cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2025;147:114017. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114017 EDN: KGIAAA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Mancheño-Corvo P, Lopez-Santalla M, Menta R, et al. Intralymphatic administration of adipose mesenchymal stem cells reduces the severity of collagen-induced experimental arthritis. Front Immunol. 2017;8:462. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00462</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Sudres M, Maurer M, Robinet M, et al. Preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells treat myasthenia gravis in a humanized preclinical model. JCI Insight. 2017;2(7):89665. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.89665</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Mou L, Wang TB, Wang X, Pu Z. Advancing diabetes treatment: the role of mesenchymal stem cells in islet transplantation. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1389134. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1389134 EDN: RLLUMK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Goyal P, Malviya R. Stem Cell Therapy for the Management of Type 1 Diabetes: Advances and Perspectives. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2023;24(5):549–561. doi: 10.2174/0118715303256582230919093535 EDN: PNFLXU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Mohammadi Ayenehdeh J, Niknam B, Rasouli S, et al. Immunomodulatory and protective effects of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an allograft islet composite transplantation for experimental autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Immunol Lett. 2017;188:21–31. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.05.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Corradi-Perini C, Santos TM, Camara NOS, et al. Co-transplantation of xenogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviates rejection of pancreatic islets in non-obese diabetic mice. Transplant Proc. 2017;49(4):902–905. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.01.064</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Qu M, Yuan X, Liu D, et al. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate immune-mediated liver injury and compromise virus control during acute hepatitis b virus infection in mice. Stem Cells Dev. 2017;26(11):818–827. doi: 10.1089/scd.2016.0348</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Yang Q, Zhou Y, Farooq W, et al. The immunomodulatory effects of Mesenchymal stem cells on THP-1-derived macrophages against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra infection. Tuberculosis. 2025;150:102593. doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102593 EDN: HFIZIA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Chang WL, Lee WR, Kuo YC, Huang YH. Vitiligo: An Autoimmune Skin Disease and its Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:797026. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.797026 EDN: ZZBCGG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>van den Hoogen P, de Jager SCA, Mol EA, et al. Potential of mesenchymal- and cardiac progenitor cells for therapeutic targeting of B-cells and antibody responses in end-stage heart failure. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0227283. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227283 EDN: JFCDDU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Sigaut S, Tardivon C, Jacquens A, et al. Effects of intravascular administration of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from Wharton's Jelly of the umbilical cord on systemic immunomodulation and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury (TRAUMACELL): study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2024;14(12):e091441. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-091441 EDN: ZRJUTX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Qiu G, Zheng G, Ge M, et al. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells modulate CD14(++)CD16(+) expression on monocytes from sepsis patients in vitro via prostaglandin E2. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0546-x EDN: JUVZFY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Kong T, Seo SK, Han YS, et al. Primed Mesenchymal Stem Cells by IFN-γ and IL-1β Ameliorate Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome through Enhancing Homing Effect and Immunomodulation. Biomol Ther. 2025;33(2):311–324. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2025.004 EDN: HMSPDS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Tang XD, Shi L, Monsel A, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell microvesicles attenuate acute lung injury in mice partly mediated by Ang-1 mRNA. Stem Cells. 2017;35(7):1849–1859. doi: 10.1002/stem.2619</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Fahlevie F, Apriningsih H, Sutanto YS, et al. Effects of secretome supplementation on interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, procalcitonin, and the length of stay in acute exacerbation COPD patients. Narra J. 2023;3(2):e171. doi: 10.52225/narra.v3i2.171 EDN: MREMNX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Lettieri S, Bertuccio FR, Del Frate L, et al. The Plastic Interplay between Lung Regeneration Phenomena and Fibrotic Evolution: Current Challenges and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;25(1):547. doi: 10.3390/ijms25010547 EDN: YOOMCQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Robinson AM, Rahman AA, Miller S, et al. The neuroprotective effects of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are dose-dependent in TNBS colitis. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8(1):87. doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0540-3 EDN: WCCYTD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Takeyama H, Mizushima T, Uemura M, et al. Adipose-derived stem cells ameliorate experimental murine colitis via tsp-1-dependent activation of latent TGF-β. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62(8):1963–1974. doi: 10.1007/s10620-017-4578-y EDN: FKRFXY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Maiborodin IV, Morozov VV, Anikeev АА, et al. Macrophage reaction to multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells introduction into surgical trauma site in rats. Novosti Khirurgii. 2017;25(3):233–241. doi: 10.18484/2305-0047.2017.3.233 EDN: YNWXFR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Maiborodin IV, Morozov VV, Matveeva VA, et al. Initial stages of angiogenesis after acute experimental local venous outflow disturbances and application of cell technologies. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2017;163(1):142–147. doi: 10.1007/s10517-017-3755-5 EDN: XMVUEY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Maiborodin I, Lushnikova E, Klinnikova M, Klochkova S. Some Special Aspects of Liver Repair after Resection and Administration of Multipotent Stromal Cells in Experiment. Life. 2021;11(1):66. doi: 10.3390/life11010066 EDN: YPUREY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Arzi B, Clark KC, Sundaram A, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of fresh, allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for severe refractory feline chronic gingivostomatitis. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2017;6(8):1710–1722. doi: 10.1002/sctm.17-0035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Maiborodin IV, Yakimova NV, Matveyeva VA, et al. Angiogenesis in rat uterine cicatrix after injection of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2011;150(6):756–761. doi: 10.1007/s10517-011-1242-y EDN: OHRMGN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Maiborodin IV, Onoprienko NV, Chastikin GA. Morphological changes in rat uterine tissues and possibility of spontaneous labor as a result of injection of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells against the background of hydrometra. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2015;159(4):511–516. doi: 10.1007/s10517-015-3005-7 EDN: WTLZVV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Xin L, Wei C, Tong X, et al. In situ delivery of apoptotic bodies derived from mesenchymal stem cells via a hyaluronic acid hydrogel: A therapy for intrauterine adhesions. Bioact Mater. 2021;12:107–119. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.10.025 EDN: HJORTF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Konenkov VI, Borodin YI, Dergacheva TI, et al. Effects of bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells and their secretory products on microcirculation in the broad ligament of the uterus of wistar rats during experimental chronic genital inflammation. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2017;163(1):78–81. doi: 10.1007/s10517-017-3742-x EDN: XNHKPD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Gan L, Duan H, Xu Q, et al. Human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation improves endometrial regeneration in rodent models of intrauterine adhesions. Cytotherapy. 2017;19(5):603–616. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.02.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Kota DJ, Prabhakara KS, Toledano-Furman N, et al. Prostaglandin E2 indicates therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in experimental traumatic brain injury. Stem Cells. 2017;35(5):1416–1430. doi: 10.1002/stem.2603</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Matveeva D, Kashirina D, Ezdakova M, et al. Senescence-Associated Alterations in Matrisome of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(10):5332. doi: 10.3390/ijms25105332 EDN: PABPQC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Yin Y, Wu RX, He XT, et al. Influences of age-related changes in mesenchymal stem cells on macrophages during in-vitro culture. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8(1):153. doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0608-0 EDN: YIJVUX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Abdelhamid L, Hussein H, Ghanem M, Eissa N. Retinoic acid-mediated anti-inflammatory responses in equine immune cells stimulated by LPS and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells. Res Vet Sci. 2017;114:225–232. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Bahrami B, Hosseini A, Talei AR, et al. Adipose derived stem cells exert immunomodulatory effects on natural killer cells in breast cancer. Cell J. 2017;19(1):137–145. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5241510</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
