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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">677044</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ677044</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">TQCKFO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Gene therapy in ophthalmology: new prospects</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генная терапия в офтальмологии: новые горизонты в лечении глазных заболеваний</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0326-3450</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7165-8591</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kharisova</surname><given-names>Chulpan B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Харисова</surname><given-names>Чулпан Булатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Post-Graduate Student, junior research associate, OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, младший научный сотрудник, НИЛ OpenLab Генные и клеточные технологии</p></bio><email>harisovachulpan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0704-8141</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6937-6311</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kitaeva</surname><given-names>Kristina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Китаева</surname><given-names>Кристина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Genetics; senior research associate, OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент, каф. генетики; старший научный сотрудник, НИЛ OpenLab Генные и клеточные технологии</p></bio><email>KrVKitaeva@kpfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8776-3662</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8796-3760</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovyeva</surname><given-names>Valeriya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьева</surname><given-names>Валерия Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Genetics; leading research associate, OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент, каф. генетики; ведущий научный сотрудник, НИЛ OpenLab Генные и клеточные технологии</p></bio><email>VaVSoloveva@kpfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4633-093X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2030-0194</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmetshin</surname><given-names>Rustem F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахметшин</surname><given-names>Рустэм Фаисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Ophthalmology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, каф. офтальмологии</p></bio><email>rustemfa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7031-5996</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rizvanov</surname><given-names>Albert A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ризванов</surname><given-names>Альберт Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor, chief research associate, OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, НИЛ OpenLab Генные и клеточные технологии</p></bio><email>rizvanov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tatarstan Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Академия наук Республики Татарстан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>107</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>100</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-13"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-31"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-02-08"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/677044">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/677044</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Ocular diseases can substantially reduce patients’ quality of life due to disturbed vision. For some hereditary and acquired eye conditions, only conservative and supportive therapies are available, which do not address the underlying cause. Gene therapy is a promising approach that has shown encouraging results in some clinical trials; however, it requires further research due to the limited evidence and potential long-term risks. By targeting specific regions of defective genes, this therapy may help slow or even reverse disease progression. Adeno-associated viruses, which have shown high efficacy and a favorable safety profile, are of particular interest as delivery vectors. To date, only one gene therapy drug has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for inherited retinal dystrophy caused by pathogenic variants of the <italic>RPE65</italic> gene. Preclinical and clinical trials of gene therapy for ocular diseases are contributing to the development of this branch of medicine and the search for new approaches to diseases with no potential of restoring the functions of damaged tissues and organs. This review investigates the concept of gene therapy and its use for ocular diseases and presents the latest scientific evidence and their potential effect on visual function. The work is focused on the analysis of clinical trials, safety, efficacy, and prospects of personalized therapy based on the molecular and genetic characteristics of patients. In addition, it highlights the available barriers to the clinical use of gene therapy and the main areas for further research.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Глазные заболевания могут значительно снижать качество жизни пациентов вследствие уменьшения остроты зрения. Ряд наследственных и приобретённых заболеваний органа зрения имеет лишь консервативные и поддерживающие методы лечения, не устраняющие этиологический фактор. Одним из потенциальных подходов к решению данной проблемы является генная терапия, демонстрирующая обнадёживающие результаты в ряде клинических исследований, однако требующая дальнейшего изучения в связи с ограниченной доказательной базой и возможными долгосрочными рисками. Воздействуя на определённые участки дефектных генов, данный терапевтический подход может способствовать замедлению или даже обратному развитию прогрессирования глазных заболеваний. В качестве векторов доставки особый интерес представляет использование аденоассоциированных вирусов, продемонстрировавших высокую эффективность и минимальный риск побочных эффектов. На сегодняшний день Управлением по санитарному надзору за качеством пищевых продуктов и медикаментов США зарегистрирован лишь один генотерапевтический препарат для терапии наследственной дистрофии сетчатки, вызванной патогенными вариантами гена <italic>RPE65</italic>. Проводимые доклинические и клинические испытания генной терапии заболеваний зрительной системы способствуют развитию данной области медицины и поиску новых подходов к лечению патологий, не поддающихся полному восстановлению функций повреждённых тканей и органов. В обзоре рассмотрены концепция генной терапии и её применение при патологиях зрительной системы, а также представлены последние научные достижения и их потенциальное влияние на состояние зрительных функций. Особое внимание уделено анализу клинических испытаний, безопасности, эффективности и перспективности персонализированной терапии, основанной на молекулярно-генетических особенностях пациентов. Кроме того, освещены текущие барьеры внедрения генной терапии в клиническую практику и основные направления дальнейших исследований.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gene therapy</kwd><kwd>ophthalmology</kwd><kwd>viral vectors</kwd><kwd>clinical trials</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генная терапия</kwd><kwd>офтальмология</kwd><kwd>вирусные векторы</kwd><kwd>клинические испытания</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Программа «Приоритет-2030»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Priority 2030 Program</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was supported by the Strategic Academic Excellence Program of the Kazan Federal University (PRIORITY 2030)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данная работа была выполнена при поддержке Программы стратегического академического лидерства Казанского федерального университета (ПРИОРИТЕТ-2030)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kamińska A, Pinkas J, Wrześniewska-Wal I, et al. 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