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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">677036</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ677036</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">LCFYCN</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical and clinical medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретическая и клиническая медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Risk factors for thromboembolic events and bleeding in patients with stomach cancer: a cohort study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Факторы риска тромбоэмболических осложнений и кровотечений у пациентов с опухолями желудка: когортное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>胃肿瘤患者血栓栓塞并发症和出血的危险因素：队列研究</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8118-0522</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6900-9278</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaikina</surname><given-names>Margarita P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заикина</surname><given-names>Маргарита Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student, Depart. of Faculty Therapy No. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, каф. факультетской терапии № 1</p></bio><email>zaikina.rita@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2252-7773</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4898-3310</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkachev</surname><given-names>Maxim I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ткачёв</surname><given-names>Максим Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Cardiovascular Surgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, каф. сердечно-сосудистой хирургии</p></bio><email>tkachev_m_i@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6241-2711</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2894-5010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Napalkov</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Напалков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Depart. of Faculty Therapy No. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, каф. факультетской терапии № 1</p></bio><email>napalkov_d_a@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5938-8917</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2153-3542</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolova</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Depart. of Faculty Therapy No. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, каф. факультетской терапии № 1</p></bio><email>sokolova_a_a@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2682-4417</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8465-2747</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomin</surname><given-names>Viktor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомин</surname><given-names>Виктор Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head, Depart. of Faculty Therapy No. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-кор. РАН, заведующий, каф. факультетской терапии № 1</p></bio><email>fomin_v_v_1@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>106</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>724</fpage><lpage>733</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-13"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-19"><day>19</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-10-05"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/677036">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/677036</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Stomach cancer is associated with systemic disturbances, including impaired hemostasis, which may result in thrombosis and bleeding, significantly affecting the prognosis, quality of life, and risk of fatal outcome.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: The study aimed to identify risk factors for thrombosis and bleeding in patients with stomach cancer, assess the prognostic value of existing risk scores using a retrospective analysis of our own findings, and propose ways to improve them.</p> <p><bold>METHODS</bold>: The study analyzed medical records of 178 patients with stomach cancer who were treated at Sechenov University in 2021–2023. The medical records were grouped based on two independent variables: the presence of thromboembolic events (25 patients with and 150 patients without thromboembolic events) and the presence of bleeding (23 patients with and 155 patients without bleeding). The outcomes were assessed by examining imaging findings (ultrasound and computed tomography) specified in medical records, which allowed confirming or ruling out thromboembolic events, as well as initial examination findings and discharge summaries following hospitalization for chemotherapy. Qualitative variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation, whereas categorical variables are presented as absolute values and percentages. Intergroup differences were assessed using the Mann–Whitney and Pearson’s chi-squared tests. Significant associations for thromboembolic events and bleeding were identified using multivariate regression analysis. The prognostic value of scores was assessed using ROC analysis (AUC, sensitivity, specificity). SPSS 23.0 was used for statistical analysis.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: Patients with chronic heart failure had an 11-fold greater risk of thromboembolic events than patients without chronic heart failure (odds ratio [OR] 11.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.14–38.74; <italic>p</italic> = 0.001). Chronic kidney disease was associated with more than a 5-fold greater risk (OR 5.07; 95% CI 2.02–12.71; <italic>p</italic> = 0.002), and varicose veins with more than an 8-fold greater risk (OR 8.12; 95% CI 2.87–22.94; <italic>p</italic> = 0.001). Adding these factors to the Khorana score improved its prognostic value: in ROC analysis, AUC was 0.823 compared to 0.615 at baseline. This indicates a high discriminatory capability of the modified model (AUC &gt; 0.8). The REACH score showed a high prognostic value for assessing the risk of bleeding (AUC = 0.738).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: Adding chronic heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and varicose veins to the Khorana score improves its prognostic value for assessing the risk of thromboembolic events. The REACH score was effective in predicting the risk of bleeding.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>.<bold> </bold>Рак желудка сопровождается системными нарушениями, включая изменения гемостаза, что может приводить к тромбозам и кровотечениям, существенно влияющим на прогноз, качество жизни и риск летального исхода.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold>. Определить факторы риска тромбозов и кровотечений у пациентов со злокачественными новообразованиями желудка, оценить прогностическую ценность существующих шкал риска на основе ретроспективного анализа собственных данных и предложить их усовершенствование.</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold>.<bold> </bold>Проведён анализ медицинской документации 178 пациентов со злокачественными новообразованиями желудка, проходивших лечение в период 2021–2023 гг. на базе Сеченовского Университета. Медицинская документация (истории болезни) была распределена по двум независимым признакам: по наличию тромбоэмболических осложнений (25 пациентов с тромбоэмболическими осложнениями и 150 без них) и по наличию кровотечений (23 пациента с кровотечением и 155 без). Для оценки исходов проанализированы данные инструментальных исследований (ультразвуковой диагностики и компьютерной томографии), отражённые в историях болезни и позволявшие подтвердить или исключить тромбоэмболические события, а также результаты первичного осмотра и выписные эпикризы при госпитализациях для проведения химиотерапии. Количественные переменные представлены как среднее значение ± стандартная ошибка, категориальные — в абсолютных числах и процентах. Межгрупповые различия оценивали тестом Манна–Уитни и χ<sup>2</sup>-критерием Пирсона. Для выявления значимых ассоциаций тромбоэмболических осложнений и кровотечений применяли многофакторный регрессионный анализ. Прогностическую ценность шкал определяли с помощью ROC-анализа (AUC, чувствительность, специфичность). Статистическая обработка проведена в SPSS 23.0.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>.<bold> </bold>У пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью риск тромбоэмболических осложнений был выше более чем в 11 раз по сравнению с пациентами без этого состояния [отношение шансов (ОШ) 11,12; 95% доверительный интервал (ДИ) 3,14–38,74; <italic>p</italic>=0,001]. Хроническая болезнь почек ассоциировалась с более чем 5-кратным увеличением риска (ОШ 5,07; 95% ДИ 2,02–12,71; <italic>p</italic>=0,002), а варикозная болезнь вен — с более чем 8-кратным (ОШ 8,12; 95% ДИ 2,87–22,94; <italic>p</italic>=0,001). Включение этих факторов в шкалу Khorana повысило её прогностическую ценность: при ROC-анализе AUC=0,823 против 0,615 в исходной версии. Это свидетельствует о высокой дискриминационной способности модифицированной модели (AUC &gt;0,8). Шкала REACH показала высокую прогностическую ценность для оценки риска кровотечений (AUC=0,738).</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Добавление факторов «хроническая сердечная недостаточность», «хроническая болезнь почек» и «варикозная болезнь вен» к шкале Khorana повышает её прогностическую ценность для оценки риска тромбоэмболических осложнений. Шкала REACH показала высокую эффективность в прогнозировании риска кровотечений.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证：</bold>胃癌伴有全身性疾病，包括止血改变，可导致血栓形成和出血，从而显着影响预后，生活质量和死亡风险。</p> <p><bold>目的：</bold>为了确定胃恶性肿瘤患者血栓形成和出血的危险因素，根据对我们自己数据的回顾性分析评估现有风险量表的预后价值，并提出其改善建议。</p> <p><bold>方法：</bold>对2021-2023年期间在Sechenov University基础上接受治疗的178名胃恶性肿瘤患者进行了医学文献分析。根据两个独立的标准分发医疗记录（病史）：血栓栓塞并发症的存在（25名患有血栓栓塞并发症的患者和150名没有）和出血的存在（23名出血患者和155名没有）。为了评估结果，对仪器研究（超声诊断和计算机断层扫描）的数据进行了分析，反映在医疗记录中，并允许确认或排除血栓栓塞事件，以及化疗住院期间的初 定量变量以平均值±标准误差表示，分类变量以绝对数字和百分比表示。通过曼-惠特尼检验和皮尔森的χ<sup>2</sup>标准评估组间差异。多元回归分析用于确定血栓栓塞并发症和出血的显着关联。使用ROC分析（AUC，敏感性，特异性）确定量表的预后值。在SPSS23.0中进行统计处理。</p> <p><bold>结果：</bold>在慢性心力衰竭患者中，血栓栓塞并发症的风险比没有这种情况的患者高出11倍以上[赔率比（OR）11.12；95％置信区间（CI）3.14–38.74；<italic>p</italic>=0.001]。慢性肾脏疾病与超过5倍的风险增加（或5.07；95％CI2.02-12.71；<italic>p</italic>=0.002）和静脉曲张相关–超过8倍（或8.12；95％CI2.87—22.94；<italic>p</italic>=0.001）。在Khorana量表中包含这些因素增加了其预测价值：在ROC分析中，AUC=0.823而在初始版本中为0.615。这表明修改模型的高鉴别能力（AUC &gt;0.8）。REACH量表显示出评估出血风险的高预测值（AUC=0.738）。</p> <p><bold>结论：</bold>在Khorana量表中加入"慢性心力衰竭"，"慢性肾脏疾病"和"静脉曲张"因素增加了其评估血栓栓塞并发症风险的预后价值。REACH量表在预测出血风险方面显示出高效率。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>stomach cancer</kwd><kwd>thrombosis</kwd><kwd>bleeding</kwd><kwd>Khorana score</kwd><kwd>REACH score</kwd><kwd>HAS-BLED score</kwd><kwd>chronic kidney disease</kwd><kwd>chronic heart failure</kwd><kwd>varicose veins</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак желудка</kwd><kwd>тромбоз</kwd><kwd>кровотечение</kwd><kwd>шкала Khorana</kwd><kwd>шкала REACH</kwd><kwd>шкала HAS-BLED</kwd><kwd>хроническая болезнь почек</kwd><kwd>хроническая сердечная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>варикозная болезнь вен</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>胃癌</kwd><kwd>血栓形成</kwd><kwd>出血</kwd><kwd>Khorana规模</kwd><kwd>REACH规模</kwd><kwd>HAS-BLED规模</kwd><kwd>慢性肾病</kwd><kwd>慢性心力衰竭</kwd><kwd>静脉曲张</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. 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