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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">653373</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ653373</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">OITZZS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical and clinical medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретическая и клиническая медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Expression of molecular markers in aspirates of patients with BRAF-negative cutaneous melanoma: a case–control study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экспрессия молекулярных маркёров в аспирате больных с BRAF-отрицательной меланомой кожи: исследование случай — контроль</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>皮肤BRAF阴性黑色素瘤患者抽吸物中分子标记物的表达：病例对照研究</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8473-4182</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8903-4911</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanova</surname><given-names>Veronika A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданова</surname><given-names>Вероника Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant, Depart. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology with the Course of KLD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент, каф. биохимии и молекулярной биологии с курсом КЛД</p></bio><email>Vnika6906@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5269-736X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1336-8363</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Spirina</surname><given-names>Lyudmila V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спирина</surname><given-names>Людмила Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Leading research associate, Tumor Biochemistry Lab., Professor, Depart. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology with a Course in Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, лаб. биохимии опухолей, профессор, каф. биохимии и молекулярной биологии с курсом клинической лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><email>spirinalvl@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2974-4778</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9561-3382</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chizhevskaya</surname><given-names>Svetlana Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чижевская</surname><given-names>Светлана Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Leading research associate, Depart. of Head and Neck Tumors, Oncologist of the highest category</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, отделение опухолей головы и шеи, врач-онколог высшей категории</p></bio><email>sch@oncology.tomsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7211-7686</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5258-7989</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikulnikov</surname><given-names>Konstantin V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никульников</surname><given-names>Константин Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>oncologist, Depart. of Head and Neck Tumors</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-онколог, отделение опухолей головы и шеи</p></bio><email>kast10sha91@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт онкологии, Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сибирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>106</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>921</fpage><lpage>929</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-09"><day>09</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-24"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-12-05"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/653373">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/653373</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most common malignant tumors of the skin.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: To investigate the clinical and morphological features, as well as the expression of transcription factors, growth factors, and components of the AKT/m-TOR signaling pathway in aspirates obtained from tumor tissue following fine-needle biopsy in patients with cutaneous and mucosal melanoma.</p> <p><bold>METHODS</bold>: The study included 41 patients with verified melanoma of the skin at various sites and mucosal melanoma of the nasal cavity, stages T1a–4bN0M0 (I–IV), as well as 18 patients with cutaneous nevi at different sites. The age of the patients ranged from 45 to 72 years; 25 patients were men (62%) and 16 were women (38%). Expression of signaling cascade components was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The BRAF mutation status was determined using allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric methods (Mann–Whitney U test; Kruskal–Wallis test). A <italic>p</italic>-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: Aspirates from melanoma tissue showed increased expression of the following markers: AKT, 13.47-fold; c-RAF, 16.86-fold; m-TOR, 90.25-fold; PDK1, 63.2-fold; VEGFR2, 7.28-fold; CAIX, 801.69-fold; VHL, 398-fold; PD-L1, 28.18-fold; AMPK, 67.36-fold; and LC3B, 97-fold. In ulcerated tumors, a decrease in several important molecular markers was observed: 4EBP1, 13.39-fold (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0048); NF-κB p50, 19.38-fold (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0015); and VHL, 6.15-fold (<italic>p</italic> = 0.004). When comparing molecular marker expression by Clark’s level of invasion (from the epidermis to subcutaneous adipose tissue), AKT expression increased from 5.94-fold in group 3 to 56.96-fold in group 5, compared to group 2 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0387). In group 3, there was also a marked increase in GSK-3β expression (30.49-fold) and PD-1 expression (90.8-fold; <italic>p</italic> = 0.0216), accompanied by a significant decrease in HIF-1 expression (891.44-fold; <italic>p</italic> = 0.004).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: Aspirates from BRAF-negative tumors revealed evidence of autophagy activation and enhanced tumor immunogenicity. In particular, elevated AKT kinase levels were accompanied by increased expression of autophagosome protein and the PD-1 receptor.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>.<bold><italic> </italic></bold>Меланома кожи является одной из наиболее распространённых злокачественных опухолей кожи.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold>. Изучить клинико-морфологические особенности и экспрессию транскрипционных, ростовых факторов и компонентов сигнального пути AKT/m-TOR у пациентов с меланомой кожи и слизистых оболочек в аспиратах, полученных после тонкоигольной биопсии опухолевой ткани.</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold>.<bold><italic> </italic></bold>В исследование включён 41 пациент с верифицированной меланомой кожи различных локализаций и слизистых оболочек полости носа стадий Т1а–4вN0M0 (I–IV), а также 18 пациентов с невусами кожи различных локализаций. Возраст больных составил 45–72 года: мужчин — 25 (62%), женщин — 16 (38%). Экспрессию компонентов сигнальных каскадов исследовали методом полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени. Статус мутации BRAF определяли методом аллель-специфичной полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени. Статистический анализ выполняли с применением непараметрических методов (критерий Манна–Уитни, критерий Краскела–Уоллиса). Уровень статистической значимости принимали равным <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,05.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. В аспиратах опухолевой ткани при меланоме наблюдалось увеличение экспрессии: AKT — в 13,47 раза, c-RAF — в 16,86 раза, m-TOR — в 90,25 раза, PDK1 — в 63,2 раза, VEGFR2 — в 7,28 раза, CAIX — в 801,69 раза, VHL — в 398 раз, PD-L1 — в 28,18 раза, AMPK — в 67,36 раза и LC3B — в 97 раз. При изъязвлении опухоли обнаружено снижение экспрессии ряда важных молекулярных маркёров: 4EBP1 — в 13,39 раза (<italic>р</italic>=0,0048), NF-kB p50 — в 19,38 раза (<italic>p</italic>=0,0015), а VHL — в 6,15 раза (<italic>p</italic>=0,004). При сравнении экспрессии молекулярных факторов в зависимости от глубины инвазии по Кларку (от эпидермиса до подкожной жировой клетчатки) выявлено, что уровень AKT возрастал с 5,94 раза в 3-й группе до в 56,96 раза в 5-й группе по сравнению со 2-й (<italic>p</italic>=0,0387). В 3-й группе также наблюдалось многократное повышение экспрессии GSK-3β (в 30,49 раза) и PD-1 (в 90,8 раза; <italic>p</italic>=0,0216), сопровождавшееся снижением экспрессии HIF-1 (в 891,44 раза; <italic>p</italic>=0,004).</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. В аспиратах BRAF-негативных опухолей выявлены признаки активации аутофагии и усиления иммуногенности опухоли. В частности, зафиксировано повышение киназы AKT, сопровождавшееся увеличением экспрессии белка аутофагосом и рецептора PD-1.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证：</bold>皮肤黑色素瘤是最常见的恶性皮肤肿瘤之一。</p> <p><bold>目的：</bold>研究肿瘤组织细针活检后获得的抽吸物中皮肤和粘膜黑素瘤患者转录，生长因子和AKT/m-TOR信号通路组分的临床和形态学特征和表达。</p> <p><bold>方法：</bold>该研究包括41名患有各种局部化和鼻腔粘膜的皮肤黑素瘤的患者T1a–4bN0M0（I–IV），以及18名患有各种局部化皮肤痣的患者。患者的年龄为45—72岁：男性—25（62％），女性-16（38％）。通过实时聚合酶链式反应研究信号级联的组分的表达。通过实时等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应确定BRAF突变状态。使用非参数方法（曼-惠特尼检验，克拉斯克尔至瓦利斯检验）进行统计分析。假设统计显着性水平为<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.05。</p> <p><bold>结果：</bold>在患有黑素瘤的肿瘤组织中，观察到表达增加：AKT — 13.47倍，c-RAF — 16.86倍，m — TOR-90.25倍，PDK1 — 63.2倍，VEGFR2 — 7.28倍，CAIX — 801.69倍，VHL — 398倍，PD-L1 — 28.18倍，AMPK — 67.36倍和LC3B — 97倍。当肿瘤溃疡时，检测到许多重要分子标志物的表达减少：4EBP1—由13.39倍（p=0.0048），NF-κB p50 — 由19.38倍（<italic>p</italic>=0.0015）和VHL — 由6.15倍（<italic>p</italic>=0.004）。当比较取决于克拉克侵袭深度（从表皮到皮下脂肪组织）的分子因子的表达时，发现与组2相比，AKT水平从组3的5.94倍增加到组5的56.96倍（<italic>p</italic>=0.0387）。在第3组中，GSK-3b表达（30.49倍）和PD-1（90.8倍；<italic>p</italic>=0.0216）也有倍数增加，伴有HIF-1表达减少（891.44倍；<italic>p</italic>=0.004）。</p> <p><bold>结论：</bold>BRAF阴性肿瘤的抽吸物显示自噬激活和肿瘤免疫原性增加的迹象。特别是，记录了AKT激酶的增加，伴随着自噬体蛋白和PD-1受体表达的增加。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>melanoma</kwd><kwd>AKT/mTOR signaling pathway</kwd><kwd>BRAF</kwd><kwd>autophagy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>меланома</kwd><kwd>AKT/mTOR-сигнальный каскад</kwd><kwd>BRAF</kwd><kwd>аутофагия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>黑色素瘤</kwd><kwd>AKT/mTOR信号级联</kwd><kwd>BRAF</kwd><kwd>自噬</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Malignant neoplasms in Russia in 2023 (morbidity and mortality). 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