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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">64730</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ2021-537</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of risk factors in the development of speech and language disorders in preschool children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль факторов риска в формировании нарушений развития речи и языка у детей дошкольного возраста</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volgina</surname><given-names>S Ya</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волгина</surname><given-names>Светлана Яковлевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Volgina_Svetlana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ahmetova</surname><given-names>A R</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахметова</surname><given-names>Амина Равилевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Volgina_Svetlana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaidukova</surname><given-names>L K</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шайдукова</surname><given-names>Лейла Казбековна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Volgina_Svetlana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhurkova</surname><given-names>N V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журкова</surname><given-names>Наталья Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Volgina_Svetlana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulakova</surname><given-names>G A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулакова</surname><given-names>Галина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Volgina_Svetlana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт педиатрии и охраны здоровья детей Центральной клинической больницы&#13;
Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-08-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>537</fpage><lpage>544</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-04-05"><day>05</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-06-29"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Volgina S.Y., Ahmetova A.R., Shaidukova L.K., Zhurkova N.V., Kulakova G.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Волгина С.Я., Ахметова А.Р., Шайдукова Л.К., Журкова Н.В., Кулакова Г.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volgina S.Y., Ahmetova A.R., Shaidukova L.K., Zhurkova N.V., Kulakova G.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волгина С.Я., Ахметова А.Р., Шайдукова Л.К., Журкова Н.В., Кулакова Г.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2024-08-08"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/64730">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/64730</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article provides an overview of modern literature on the risk factors for the development of speech and language, which can be taken into account by pediatricians when forming a high-risk group of the corresponding contingent of preschool children. The leading risk factor for the development of speech/language disorders in children is childhood developmental brain disorders that arose in the prenatal, intrapartum and postnatal period of a child's life, which is often found in children with cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and after head injuries. The occurrence of disorders is greatly influenced by anatomical defects in the speech apparatus, requiring timely surgical correction, and hearing loss. Impairment or absence of speech/language in children is common causes for visiting a psychiatrist, which is observed in autistic spectrum disorders (including autism), elective mutism, mental retardation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Many genetic factors which are often found in patients with other hereditary diseases (chromosome disorders, monogenic hereditary diseases, inherited metabolic diseases, genetic speech disorders) play a special role in the development of speech/language and are associated with developmental disorders, intellectual disability and behavioral deviations. Finally, social factors such as socioeconomic status and social structure of the family, family conflict, pedagogical neglect, child abuse and prolonged use of modern digital devices throughout the day contribute to speech/language development disorders in preschool children. Analysis of the causes of speech/language pathology is of great practical importance for improving the management strategy aimed at preventing the manifestation of the disorders in children.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье представлен обзор современной литературы о факторах риска, ассоциированных с нарушениями (задержкой) развития речи и языка, которые врачи-педиатры могут учитывать при формировании группы высокого риска соответствующего контингента детей дошкольного возраста. Ведущий фактор риска в формировании нарушений речи/языка у детей — раннее органическое повреждение центральной нервной системы, возникшее в анте-, интра- и постнатальном периодах жизни ребёнка, которое часто встречается у детей с церебральным параличом, эпилепсией и после перенесённых черепно-мозговых травм. Большое влияние на возникновение нарушений оказывают анатомические дефекты строения артикуляционного аппарата, требующие своевременной хирургической коррекции, и снижение слуха. Нарушение или отсутствие речи/языка у детей — частые причины обращения к психиатрам, которые встречаются при расстройствах аутистического спектра (в том числе аутизме), элективном мутизме, умственной отсталости, синдроме дефицита внимания и гиперактивности. Особую роль в становлении речи/языка играют многие генетические факторы, которые часто присутствуют у пациентов с различными наследственными заболеваниями (хромосомными болезнями, наследственными моногенными заболеваниями, наследственными болезнями обмена веществ, наследственными нарушениями речи) и сочетаются с задержкой психического развития, умственной отсталостью и отклонениями поведения. И, наконец, социальные факторы, такие как социально-экономический статус и социальная структура семьи, конфликтная обстановка в семье, педагогическая запущенность, жестокое обращение с ребёнком, а также длительное использование в течение дня современных цифровых устройств, способствуют нарушениям развития речи/языка у детей дошкольного возраста. Анализ причин речевой/языковой патологии имеет большое практическое значение для совершенствования управления стратегией, направленной на профилактику формирования выявленных нарушений у детей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>preschool children</kwd><kwd>speech and language disorders</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети дошкольного возраста</kwd><kwd>нарушение речи и языка</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shklovskij V.M., Shipkova K.M., Milehina A.V., Cherjomin R.A., Serebrovskaja O.V., Ahan'kova T.E., Volkova S.V., Ziborova E.V., La­rina O.D., Smirnov I.I. Specific deve­lopmental disorders of speech in children. Clinical guidelines. 2019. https://psychiatr.ru/download/4314?view=1&amp;name=06 (access date: 13.03.2021). 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