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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">643524</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ643524</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">XTFGVB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Social hygiene and healthcare management</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Социальная гигиена и организация здравоохранения</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">A retrospective analysis of 100-year trends in the physical development of Moscow schoolgirls</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ретроспективный анализ вековых тенденций в физическом развитии московских школьниц</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>回顾性分析莫斯科女学生身体发育的古老趋势</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6534-7951</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3802-3058</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Milushkina</surname><given-names>Olga Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Милушкина</surname><given-names>Ольга Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of food hygiene with the course of hygiene of children and adolescents</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, каф. гигиены питания с курсом гигиены детей и подростков</p></bio><email>milushkina_o@rsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-9984</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4269-6361</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skoblina</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скоблина</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Depart. of Hygiene, Institute of Preventive Medicine named after Z.P. Solovyov</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, каф. гигиены Института профилактической медицины им. З.П. Соловьёва</p></bio><email>skoblina_dom@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4130-492X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1789-6104</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sazonova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сазонова</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Depart. of food hygiene with the course of hygiene of children and adolescents</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующая, каф. гигиены питания с курсом гигиены детей и подростков</p></bio><email>o.v.sazonova@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0897-7700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6636-4448</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavryushin</surname><given-names>Mikhail Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврюшин</surname><given-names>Михаил Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of food hygiene with the course of hygiene of children and adolescents</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, каф. гигиены питания с курсом гигиены детей и подростков</p></bio><email>m.yu.gavryushin@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6442-7922</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8970-0828</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skoblina</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скоблина</surname><given-names>Елена Вадимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Junior research assistant, Institute of Demographic Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, младший научный сотрудник, Институт демографических исследований</p></bio><email>skoblinadom@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Samara State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Самарский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-исследовательский социологический центр</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>106</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>832</fpage><lpage>839</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-15"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-11"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-10-05"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/643524">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/643524</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Healthy biological maturation in young girls is crucial for their future reproductive health. The continuous monitoring of their physical development is critical for early identification of any health problems.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>This study aimed to identify the 100-year trend of girls’ growth and development in the city of Moscow.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study focused on the physical characteristics of Moscow schoolgirls over a period of 100 years (1920–2020), including their body height and weight, chest circumference, right-hand grip strength, and time of menarche. In this study, a total of 4581 girls aged 8–17 years were observed from 2003 to 2020. The obtained data were compared with those documented in “Materials on the Physical Development of Children and Adolescents in Urban and Rural Areas of the USSR (Russia),” covering the period from 1920 to 2013. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test was used to determine the normality of distribution. The differences were considered significant at t ≥ 2.0 (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Comparative analysis of the physical development of Moscow schoolgirls across decades showed an increase of 3–5 cm in the body height and a significant increase in the chest circumference among all age groups of girls at the beginning of the 21st century compared with their peers in the 1960s and 1980s, indicating the completed processes of gracilization that had been observed since the 1980s. The mean body height of 8-year-old schoolgirls in 2003 was 129.12 ± 0.47 cm compared to 125.66 ± 0.32 cm in those in the 1960s (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). Additionally, the mean chest circumference was 62.34 ± 0.44 cm in 2003 and 60.50 ± 0.22 cm in the 1960s (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.008). Moreover, a decrease in the right-hand grip strength has been noted in all age groups (9-year-old girls: 13.2 ± 0.2 kg in the 1960s and 6.9 ± 0.1 kg in 2003; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). Earlier menarche has been documented in modern Moscow schoolgirls, with an average age of 12 years and 9 months. This phenomenon is accompanied by a shift in the chronology of growth patterns toward earlier stages. The age of first menstruation (menarche) varies with family income.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Over a century-long period, Moscow schoolgirls have shown increased total body size and earlier biological maturation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Здоровое биологическое созревание в детском возрасте формирует в будущем репродуктивное здоровье женщины, в связи с чем особого внимания требует динамическая оценка физического развития школьниц как показателя для ранней диагностики преморбидных состояний.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Выявить вековую тенденцию процессов роста и развития девочек в мегаполисе Москве.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Изучено физическое развитие (длина и масса тела, окружность грудной клетки, мышечная сила правой кисти и становление менструальной функции) московских школьниц за период с 1920 по 2020 год. Объём собственных наблюдений, проводившихся с 2003 по 2020 год, составил 4581 девочку 8–17 лет. Полученные данные сравнивались с «Материалами по физическому развитию детей и подростков городов и сельских местностей СССР (России)» (1920–2013). Для определения нормальности распределения показателей использовали тест на нормальность по Колмогорову–Смирнову. Различия считали статистически значимыми при t ≥2,0 (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0,05).</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Сравнительный анализ физического развития московских школьниц разных 10-летий выявил статистически значимое увеличение длины тела на 3–5 см и достоверное увеличение окружности грудной клетки во всех возрастных группах девочек начала XXI века по сравнению со сверстницами 1960-х и 1980-х годов, что свидетельствует о завершении процессов грациализации, отмечавшихся с 1980-х годов. Так, длина тела школьниц 8 лет в 2003 году составила 129,12±0,47 см, в 1960-х — 125,66±0,32 см (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0,001), окружность грудной клетки — 62,34±0,44 см и 60,50±0,22 см (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0,008) соответственно. При этом во всех возрастных группах продолжается снижение мышечной силы правой кисти (девочки 9 лет: 13,2±0,2 в 1960-х и 6,9±0,1 кг в 2003 году, <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,001). Установлены более ранние сроки наступления менархе у современных московских школьниц (в среднем 12 лет 9 мес) и сдвиг ростовых скачков на более ранние сроки. Показано, что возраст наступления менструаций зависит от уровня достатка семьи.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> У московских школьниц за столетний период выявлена тенденция к увеличению тотальных размеров тела и сдвиг сроков биологического созревания на более ранние.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证：</bold>儿童时期的健康生物成熟塑造了未来女性的生殖健康，因此，需要特别关注对女学生身体发育的动态评估，作为早期诊断前坏血病的指标。</p> <p><bold>目的：</bold>确定莫斯科大都市女孩成长和发展过程的古老趋势。</p> <p><bold>方法：</bold>研究了莫斯科女学生从1920到2020期间的身体发育（体长和体重，胸围，右手肌肉力量和月经功能的形成）。从2003年到2020年进行的自我观察的数量为4,581名8-17岁的女孩。将获得的数据与"关于苏联（俄罗斯）城市和农村地区儿童和青少年身体发育的材料"（1920-2013）进行比较。使用科尔莫戈罗夫至斯米尔诺夫正态性检验来确定指标分布的正态性。差异在t≥2.0时被认为具有统计学意义（<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.05）。</p> <p><bold>结果：</bold>对不同10岁的莫斯科女学生身体发育的比较分析显示，21世纪初所有年龄段女孩的体长均显着增加3-5厘米，胸围显着增加，这表明自20世纪80年代以来观察到的优雅化过程已经完成，因此，2003年8岁女学生的体长为129.12±0.47厘米，在20世纪60年代—125.66±0.32厘米（<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.001），胸围—分别为62.34±0.44厘米和60.50±0.22厘米（<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.008）。与此同时，右手肌肉力量的下降在所有年龄组都在继续（9岁女孩：1960年代为13.2±0.2，2003年为6.9±0.1kg，<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.001）。早期的初潮日期已经为现代莫斯科女学生（平均为12年零9个月）建立，并且增长的转变为早期的日期。已经表明，月经开始的年龄取决于家庭收入的水平。</p> <p><bold> 结论：</bold>在一个世纪的时间里，莫斯科女学生已经表现出一种趋势，即增加他们的整体体型，并将生物成熟的时间转移到早期。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>physical development</kwd><kwd>schoolgirls</kwd><kwd>body weight</kwd><kwd>body height</kwd><kwd>grip strength</kwd><kwd>menarche</kwd><kwd>100-year trend</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>физическое развитие</kwd><kwd>школьницы</kwd><kwd>масса тела</kwd><kwd>длина тела</kwd><kwd>мышечная сила</kwd><kwd>менархе</kwd><kwd>столетняя динамика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>身体发育</kwd><kwd>女学生</kwd><kwd>体重</kwd><kwd>体长</kwd><kwd>肌肉力量</kwd><kwd>初潮</kwd><kwd>百年动态</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Prusakov VM, Prusakova AV. 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