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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">643228</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ643228</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">JXFFPY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern approaches to intraoperative parathyroid localization</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные методы интраоперационной диагностики локализации паращитовидных желез</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>甲状旁腺定位术中诊断的现代方法</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9306-3507</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5381-4389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zinchenko</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зинченко</surname><given-names>Сергей Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Head, Depart. of Surgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент, заведующий, каф. хирургии</p></bio><email>zinchenkos.v@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8926-8799</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5337-1143</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galiev</surname><given-names>Ilfat Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галиев</surname><given-names>Ильфат Зульфатович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lecturer, Depart. of Surgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший преподаватель, каф. хирургии</p></bio><email>galiev-i-1990@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4826-2534</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1730-4607</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulbida</surname><given-names>Egor K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кульбида</surname><given-names>Егор Константинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>resident doctor (surgeon), Depart. of Surgical Diseases of Postgraduate Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-ординатор (хирург), каф. хирургических болезней постдипломного образования</p></bio><email>egorkulbida@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2700-5467</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3507-1137</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petukhov</surname><given-names>Kirill A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петухов</surname><given-names>Кирилл Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>resident doctor (surgeon), Depart. of Surgical Diseases of Postgraduate Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-ординатор (хирург), каф. хирургических болезней постдипломного образования</p></bio><email>kirya.kirill.petukhov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0825-422X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5381-4388</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Muratov</surname><given-names>Niyaz F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муратов</surname><given-names>Нияз Фанусович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, каф. оториноларингологии и офтальмологии</p></bio><email>n.muratov@drcito.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-10-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>106</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>992</fpage><lpage>1000</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-19"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-04"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-12-05"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/643228">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/643228</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Hyperparathyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder that frequently manifests with severe symptoms. Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by parathyroid adenoma, whereas secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism are typically reported in patients with renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis. Modern cinacalcet-based therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism has long-term positive effects. However, surgical resection of affected parathyroid glands remains the only curative therapy option in tertiary hyperparathyroidism. In polyglandular primary and (especially) tertiary hyperparathyroidism, parathyroidectomy requires the most accurate examination of the parathyroid glands, thyroid gland, and surrounding structures. Despite advancements in preoperative topical and functional diagnostic approaches, the specific location of the affected parathyroid glands remains unknown until surgery in half of patients. Existing parathyroid imaging techniques, such as intraoperative ultrasound, gamma detection, and methylene blue staining, have demonstrated limited efficacy. Fluorescence imaging using indocyanine green, aminolevulinic acid, and various autofluorescence modes is highly effective. However, its use is limited by high equipment costs, reproducibility issues, and difficulties in achieving the claimed results. This necessitates improvements of intraoperative parathyroid imaging algorithms, which is the focus of this review.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Гиперпаратиреоз — распространённое эндокринное заболевание, часто протекающее с выраженной симптоматикой. Первичный гиперпаратиреоз обусловлен аденомой паращитовидных желез, тогда как вторичный и третичный развиваются у пациентов с хронической почечной недостаточностью, находящихся на программном гемодиализе. На современном этапе лекарственная терапия вторичного гиперпаратиреоза с применением цинокальцета демонстрирует высокий и продолжительный эффект. Однако при третичном и первичном гиперпаратиреозе единственным радикальным методом лечения остаётся хирургическое удаление патологически изменённых паращитовидных желез. При полигландулярных формах первичного, а особенно третичного гиперпаратиреоза, проведение паратиреоидэктомии требует максимально точной диагностики паращитовидных и щитовидной желез, а также близлежащих структур. Несмотря на развитие дооперационных топических и функциональных методов диагностики, точная локализация изменённых паращитовидных желез у половины пациентов остаётся неизвестной до момента хирургического вмешательства. Существующие методики открытой визуализации парашитовидных желез — интраоперационное ультразвуковое исследование, гамма-детекция, окрашивание метиленовой синью — продемонстрировали ограниченные возможности. Флуоресцентные методы с использованием индоцианин-зелёного, аминолевулановой кислоты и различных вариантов аутофлуоресценции показали высокую эффективность по данным авторов. Однако их широкое применение сдерживается высокой стоимостью оборудования, а также трудностями воспроизведения методики и достижения заявленных результатов. В этой связи возникла необходимость совершенствования алгоритмов интраоперационной визуализации паращитовидных желез, чему и посвящён настоящий обзор.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>甲状旁腺功能亢进症是 一 种常见的内分泌疾病，常伴有严重的症状。原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症由甲状旁腺腺瘤引起，而继发性和三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症则发生于接受血液透析的慢性肾功能衰竭患者。目前，使用西诺卡塞治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症疗效显著且持久。然而，对于三发性和原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症，唯一根治性治疗方法仍然是手术切除病变的甲状旁腺。在原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（尤其是三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症）的多腺体型中，甲状旁腺切除术需要对甲状旁腺、甲状腺及其邻近结构进行极其精确的诊断。尽管术前局部和功能性诊断方法不断发展，但仍有半数患者在术前无法确定病变甲状旁腺的确切位置。现有的甲状旁腺开放式显像方法 — 术中超声、伽马射线检测和亚甲蓝染色 — 疗效有限。作者指出，使用吲哚菁绿、氨基乙酰丙酸和各种自发荧光技术的荧光方法已显示出较高的疗效。然而，由于设备成本高昂，以及技术操作和结果难以重复，这些方法的广泛应用受到限制。因此，亟需改进甲状旁腺术中可视化算法，这也是本文的重点。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hyperparathyroidism</kwd><kwd>parathyroid gland</kwd><kwd>imaging</kwd><kwd>surgery</kwd><kwd>ICG</kwd><kwd>NIRAF</kwd><kwd>5ALA</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гиперпаратиреоз</kwd><kwd>паращитовидная железа</kwd><kwd>визуализация</kwd><kwd>хирургическое лечение</kwd><kwd>ICG</kwd><kwd>NIRAF</kwd><kwd>5-АЛК</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Tjahjono R, Nguyen K, Phung D, et al. 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