Kazan medical journalKazan medical journalКазанский медицинский журнал0368-48142587-9359Eco-Vector64250510.17816/KMJ642505SLZOILReviewsОбзорыReview ArticleRole of placental extracellular vesicles in the physiology and pathology of pregnancyРоль плацентарных внеклеточных везикул в физиологии и патологии беременностиhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9683-30121588-6988MustafinIlshat G.МустафинИльшат Ганиевич
Russian Federation

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Head of Depart. of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics

д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. каф. биохимии и клинической лабораторной диагностики

ilshat64@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0644-57677818-6181KurmanbaevTimur E.КурманбаевТимур Ерланович
Russian Federation

MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Senior Lecturer, Depart. of Obstetrics and Gynecology

канд. мед. наук, старший преподаватель, каф. акушерства и гинекологии

timka_rus@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-89123094-6491YupatovEvgenii Y.ЮпатовЕвгений Юрьевич
Russian Federation

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Head of Depart., Depart. of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kazan State Medical Academy — Branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education

д-р мед. наук, доцент, зав. каф. акушерства и гинекологии; Казанская государственная медицинская академия — филиал Российской медицинской академии непрерывного профессионального образования

e.yupatov@mcclinics.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-53359596-0831NabiullinaRosa M.НабиуллинаРоза Муллаяновна
Russian Federation

MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics

канд. мед. наук, доцент, каф. биохимии и клинической лабораторной диагностики

nabiullina.rosa@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7525-74551117-8860MukhametzyanovaZarina R.МухаметзяноваЗарина Рамисовна
Russian Federation

Postgraduate Student, Depart. of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics

аспирант, каф. биохимии и клинической лабораторной диагностики

zarinam75@gmail.comKazan State Medical UniversityКазанский государственный медицинский университетKirov Military medical academyВоенно-медицинская академия им. С.М. КироваRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional EducationРоссийская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образованияKazan Federal UniversityКазанский (Приволжский) федеральный университетKazan State Medical UniversityКазанский государственный медицинский университет130520250508202510646196250312202410032025Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор2025Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/642505

Extracellular vesicles are membrane-limited nanovesicles of endosomal or plasma membrane origin present in most biological fluids. They are capable of transporting various substances and are considered biomarkers of pathological conditions. In preeclampsia, increased levels of placental extracellular vesicles containing antiangiogenic factors have been observed. Moreover, placental extracellular vesicles in preeclampsia are characterized by low strongly anti-inflammatory factor levels and increased high-mobility group nuclear protein levels, indicating cellular damage. Similar to other pathological conditions, the onset of preeclampsia is accompanied by increased extracellular vesicle concentrations, which are detectable as early as 11 weeks of gestation. This review aimed to highlight the role of extracellular vesicles in the course of pregnancy and in the development of preeclampsia. Full-text review and original research articles published in Russian and English were comprehensively analyzed using the eLibrary.Ru, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases, covering the period from 1989 to 2024. The search employed the following keywords: плацентарные внеклеточные везикулы (placental extracellular vesicles), внеклеточные везикулы во время беременности (extracellular vesicles during pregnancy), and внеклеточные везикулы и преэклампсия (extracellular vesicles and preeclampsia). Severe preeclampsia has been associated with a significant increase in the number of extracellular vesicles of various origins. Several authors have demonstrated that placental extracellular vesicles can enter the fetal circulation; however, whether they induce a harmful effect on the fetus remains unclear. Placental extracellular vesicles play a crucial physiological role during pregnancy. They serve as indicators of gestational progression, which makes it possible to quantify them for the prediction of various pregnancy complications.

Внеклеточные везикулы — мембранные нановезикулы эндосомального или плазматического происхождения, присутствующие в большинстве жидкостей организма. Внеклеточные везикулы способны переносить различные вещества, и в последнее время рассматриваются как биомаркеры различных патологических состояний. Установлено, что при преэклампсии наблюдается увеличение уровня плацентарных внеклеточных везикул, содержащих антиангиогенные факторы. Кроме того, при преэклампсии плацентарные внеклеточные везикулы характеризуются низким содержанием факторов с выраженным противовоспалительным действием и высоким уровнем ядерных белков высокой мобильности, что отражает повреждение клеток. При развитии преэклампсии, как и при многих других патологических состояниях, наблюдается увеличение количества внеклеточных везикул, причём уже с 11-й недели гестации. Целью данного обзора является освещение роли внеклеточных везикул в процессе развития беременности, а также при присоединении преэклампсии. Проведён анализ опубликованных полнотекстовых научных обзорных и оригинальных статей на иностранном (английском) и русском языках с использованием баз данных eLibrary.Ru, Google Scholar и PubMed за период с 1989 по 2024 год. Для поиска были использованы следующие ключевые слова: «плацентарные внеклеточные везикулы», «внеклеточные везикулы во время беременности», «внеклеточные везикулы и преэклампсия». Установлено, что при тяжёлой преэклампсии наблюдается статистически значимое увеличение внеклеточных везикул различного происхождения. Ряд авторов показал, что плацентарные внеклеточные везикулы попадают в кровоток плода, однако остаётся нерешённым вопрос, оказывают ли они повреждающее действие на организм плода или нет. Плацентарные внеклеточные везикулы имеют важное физиологическое значение во время беременности: они являются индикаторами течения процесса гестации, что обусловливает возможность определения их количества с целью прогнозирования различных осложнений беременности.

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