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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">641725</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ641725</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HHCXMZ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Relationship between epigenetic factors and retrotransposons and the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Взаимосвязь эпигенетических факторов с ретротранспозонами в этиопатогенезе нейродегенеративных болезней</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>表观遗传因子与逆转子在神经退行性疾病发病机制中的关系</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-382X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4810-2535</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mustafin</surname><given-names>Rustam N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мустафин</surname><given-names>Рустам Наилевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Medical Genetics and Fundamental Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент, каф. медицинской генетики и фундаментальной медицины</p></bio><email>ruji79@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>106</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>599</fpage><lpage>608</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-09"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-11"><day>11</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-08-05"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/641725">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/641725</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is associated with proteopathy and the abnormal aggregation of specific proteins, including amyloid-β and tau protein in Alzheimer's disease, α-synuclein in Parikinson disease, and TDP-43 and FUS in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Etiological factors may include viral infections because of the protective functions of the above proteins in relation to specific viruses. In turn, the latter may enhance the expression of retroelements. Another cause of neurodegenerative diseases is physiological aging, as it activates retroelements and is associated with proteopathy of antiviral proteins, which normally suppresses the expression of retroelements. It is assumed that the etiological factors of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease include the associated genetic polymorphisms, most of which localize within intronic and intergenic regions where retroelement genes are located. Thus, the etiological factors of neurodegenerative diseases include genetic predisposition to the excessive activation of retroelements, aging, and viral infections, thus causing pathogenic proteopathy and the aggregation of amyloid-β, tau protein, α-synuclein, TDP-43, and FUS. As a result, these proteins lose their ability to inhibit retroelements by causing their excessive activation and an inflammatory immune response to their transcripts. In turn, the expression products of polymorphic retroelements enhance the production of antiviral proteins and their proteopathy and aggregation. A vicious circle develops that promotes the progression of the condition; this circle may be broken by inhibitors of retroelements and specific microRNAs that may become the basis for targeted therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. As such, these processes do not induce nucleotide DNA sequence damage; rather, they indicate the epigenetic mechanisms of these diseases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Патогенез нейродегенеративных болезней связан с протеинопатией и патологической агрегацией специфических белков: при болезни Альцгеймера β-амилоида и тау-белка, при болезни Парикинсона — α-синуклеина, при боковом амиотрофическом склерозе — TDP-43 и FUS. Этиологическими факторами могут служить вирусные инфекции, что обусловлено защитной функцией описанных белков в отношении специфических вирусов. Последние, в свою очередь, способны усиливать экспрессию ретроэлементов. Физиологическое старение также является одной из причин нейродегенеративных болезней, поскольку характеризуется активацией ретроэлементов и протеинопатией перечисленных противовирусных белков, которые в норме подавляют экспрессию ретроэлементов. Этиологическими факторами бокового амиотрофического склероза, болезни Альцгеймера и Паркинсона считаются ассоциированные с ними полиморфизмы в геноме, большинство из которых локализованы в интронных и межгенных областях, где расположены гены ретроэлементов. Таким образом, к этиологическим факторам нейродегенеративных заболеваний относятся генетическая предрасположенность способности ретроэлементов к гиперактивации, старение и вирусные инфекции, под влиянием которых в патогенезе развивается протеинопатия и агрегация β-амилоида, тау-белка, α-синуклеина, TDP-43 и FUS. В результате эти белки утрачивают способность ингибировать ретроэлементы, вызывая их гиперактивацию и воспалительный иммунный ответ на их транскрипты. В свою очередь, продукты экспрессии изменённых вследствие полиморфизма ретроэлементов усиливают продукцию противовирусных белков, их протеинопатию и агрегацию. Развивается способствующий прогрессированию патологии порочный круг, воздействие на который с помощью ингибиторов ретроэлементов и специфических микроРНК может стать основой для таргетной терапии нейродегенеративных заболеваний. Поскольку описанные процессы происходят без повреждений нуклеотидных последовательностей ДНК, это свидетельствует об эпигенетических механизмах данных заболеваний.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>神经退行性疾病的发病机制与蛋白质视网膜病和特定蛋白质的病理聚集有关：在阿尔茨海默病中，β-淀粉样蛋白和tau蛋白，在帕金森病中，α-突触核蛋白， 病毒感染可以作为病因因素，这是由于所描述的蛋白质对特定病毒的保护功能。 反过来，后者能够增强逆元素的表达。 生理老化也是神经退行性疾病的原因之一，因为它的特征在于所列抗病毒蛋白的逆转录病毒和蛋白病变的激活，其通常抑制逆转录病毒的表达。 肌萎缩侧索硬化症，阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病的病因因素被认为是基因组中的相关多态性，其中大部分定位于逆转录病毒基因所在的内含和基因间区。 因此，神经退行性疾病的病因学因素包括遗传易感性的过度激活，衰老和病毒感染的能力，在其影响下，β-淀粉样蛋白，tau蛋白，α-突触核蛋白，TDP-43和FUS在发 结果，这些蛋白质失去了抑制逆转录病毒的能力，导致它们的超活化和对其转录物的炎症免疫反应。 反过来，由于多态性而改变的逆转录酶的表达产物增强了抗病毒蛋白的产生，它们的蛋白酶和聚集。 恶性循环正在发展，有助于病理学的进展，在逆元素抑制剂和特定microRNA的帮助下，病理学可以成为神经退行性疾病靶向治疗的基础。 由于所描述的过程发生而不损害DNA核苷酸序列，这表明这些疾病的表观遗传机制。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>α-synuclein</kwd><kwd>amyloid-β</kwd><kwd>viruses</kwd><kwd>microRNA</kwd><kwd>neurodegenerative diseases</kwd><kwd>retroelements</kwd><kwd>tau</kwd><kwd>TDP-43</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>α-синуклеин</kwd><kwd>β-амилоид</kwd><kwd>вирусы</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd><kwd>нейродегенеративные болезни</kwd><kwd>ретроэлементы</kwd><kwd>тау</kwd><kwd>TDP-43</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>α-突触核蛋白</kwd><kwd>β-淀粉样蛋白</kwd><kwd>病毒</kwd><kwd>microRNA</kwd><kwd>神经退行性疾病</kwd><kwd>逆元素</kwd><kwd>tau</kwd><kwd>TDP-43</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Niu H, Alvarez-Alvarez I, Guillen-Grima F, Aguinaga-Ontoso I. 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