<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">637495</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ637495</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">NUVRPR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The place of three-dimensional cell technologies in urology and urologic oncology</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Место трёхмерных клеточных технологий в урологии и онкоурологии</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>三维细胞技术在泌尿外科及泌尿肿瘤学中的地位与应用</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9735-780X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8928-0738</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vardikian</surname><given-names>Andranik G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вардикян</surname><given-names>Андраник Гарегинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, Depart. of Urology and Oncology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, каф. урологии и онкологии</p></bio><email>a@urologufa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4317-8146</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5320-2030</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Piatnitskaia</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пятницкая</surname><given-names>Светлана Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>head, bioprinting lab., Assistant Professor, depart. of internal medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующий, лаб. биопринтинга, доцент, каф. внутренних болезней</p></bio><email>pyatnickaya27@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6578-8909</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7691-5488</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasibullin</surname><given-names>Ildar M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насибуллин</surname><given-names>Ильдар Марсович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Depart. of Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, каф. топографической анатомии и оперативной хирургии</p></bio><email>nim_76@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8191-9951</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2176-3709</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakhmatullina</surname><given-names>Aida I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рахматуллина</surname><given-names>Аида Ильдаровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research assistant, stem cell lab.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь, лаб. стволовых клеток</p></bio><email>aida.rakhmatullina4714@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2125-4897</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2799-6268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlov</surname><given-names>Valentin N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлов</surname><given-names>Валентин Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Depart. of Urology with a Course of Advanced Professional</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, заведующий, каф. урологии и онкологии</p></bio><email>pavlov@bashgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт фундаментальной медицины Башкирского государственного медицинского университета</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Urology and Clinical Oncology, Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт урологии и клинической онкологии Башкирского государственного медицинского университета</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>107</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>450</fpage><lpage>461</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-16"><day>16</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-29"><day>29</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-06-15"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/637495">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/637495</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Monolayer two-dimensional <italic>in vitro</italic> cell culture systems are unable to fully mimic the native tissue microenvironment, which limits their prognostic value. Threedimensional (3D) culture systems overcome these limitations, ensuring the reproduction of intercellular interactions and tissue architecture characteristic of <italic>in vivo</italic> models. The most common 3D cell constructs are 3D spheroid models and organoids, the preservation of gene expression in which makes them valuable tools for preclinical research.</p> <p>This work aimed to review the scientific publications on the generation and application of 3D cell cultures in urology and urologic oncology. Analysis of recent publications demonstrates a wide range of applications of these technologies. This review demonstrates that in urologic oncology, patientderived bladder cancer organoids reproduce the molecular profile of tumors, allowing them to be used for testing chemotherapeutic drugs and assessing the cytotoxic activity of T cells. For prostate cancer, 3D cultures are used to evaluate the effectiveness of docetaxel in combination with sildenafil. Kidney cancer organoids reproduce the histological architecture of the original tissues, which facilitates drug screening. In regenerative medicine, 3D spheroid models of bladder smooth muscle cells demonstrate increased deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, which supports their potential for tissue engineering.</p> <p>Thus, 3D cell technologies open up new opportunities for personalized therapy and the development of bioengineered constructs in urology and urologic oncology.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Монослойные<bold> </bold>двумерные системы культивирования клеток <italic>in vitro</italic> не способны в полной мере имитировать нативное микроокружение тканей, что ограничивает их прогностическую ценность. Трёхмерные (3D) системы культивирования преодолевают эти ограничения, обеспечивая воспроизведение межклеточных взаимодействий и архитектуры тканей, характерных для <italic>in vivo</italic> моделей. Наиболее распространёнными 3D-клеточными конструкциями являются 3D-сфероидные модели и органоиды, сохранение экспрессии генов в которых делает их ценным объектом для доклинических исследований.</p> <p>Цель работы — обзор научной литературы в области получения и применения 3D-клеточных культур в урологии и онкоурологии. Анализ современных публикаций демонстрирует широкий спектр применения данных технологий. В настоящем обзоре продемонстрировано, что в онкоурологии органоиды рака мочевого пузыря, полученные от пациентов, воспроизводят молекулярный спектр опухолей, что позволяет использовать их для тестирования химиопрепаратов и оценки цитотоксической активности Т-клеток. При раке предстательной железы 3D-культуры применяются для оценки эффективности доцетаксела в комбинации с силденафилом. Органоиды рака почки позволяют воспроизводить гистологическую архитектуру исходных тканей, что способствует проведению скрининга лекарственных препаратов. В регенеративной медицине 3D-сфероидные модели гладкомышечных клеток мочевого пузыря демонстрируют повышенное депонирование белков внеклеточного матрикса, что обусловливает их перспективность для тканевой инженерии.</p> <p>Таким образом, 3D-клеточные технологии открывают новые возможности для персонализированной терапии и разработки биоинженерных конструкций в урологии и онкоурологии.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>体外二维单层细胞培养系统由于无法充分模拟组织的天然微环境，从而限制了其预测价值。三维（3D）培养系统通过模拟体内环境下细胞间的相互作用及组织空间结构，有效克服了上述局限性。目前，3D球状体模型和类器官是最为关键的3D细胞构建物；其在基因表达维持方面的优势，使其成为临床前研究的重要平台。</p> <p>本文旨在对3D细胞培养在泌尿外科及泌尿肿瘤学领域中的研究进展与应用现状进行综述。现代研究分析表明，3D细胞技术具有广阔的应用潜力。在泌尿肿瘤学领域，患者来源的膀胱癌类器官能够高度还原肿瘤的分子谱，适用于化疗药物筛选及T细胞细胞毒性评估。在前列腺癌临床前模型中，3D培养被用于评估多西他赛联合西地那非的联合用药效能。肾癌类器官则能够复现原代组织的组织学特征，为新型药物筛选提供了有效工具。此外，在再生医学领域，膀胱平滑肌细胞的3D球状体模型表现出增强的细胞外基质蛋白沉积功能，凸显了其在组织工程中的应用前景。</p> <p>综上所述，3D细胞技术为泌尿外科及泌尿肿瘤学的个体化治疗策略及生物工程结构研发开辟了新的途径。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>3D spheroid models</kwd><kwd>organoids</kwd><kwd>threedimensional cell structures</kwd><kwd>3D spheroid models in urology</kwd><kwd>3D spheroid models in urologic oncology</kwd><kwd>bladder cancer</kwd><kwd>prostate cancer</kwd><kwd>kidney cancer</kwd><kwd>tissue engineering</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>3D-сфероидные модели</kwd><kwd>органоиды</kwd><kwd>трёхмерные клеточные структуры</kwd><kwd>3D-сфероидные модели в урологии</kwd><kwd>3D-сфероидные модели в онкоурологии</kwd><kwd>рак мочевого пузыря</kwd><kwd>рак простаты</kwd><kwd>рак почки</kwd><kwd>тканевая инженерия</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>3D球状体模型</kwd><kwd>类器官</kwd><kwd>三维细胞结构</kwd><kwd>泌尿外科3D球状体模型</kwd><kwd>泌尿肿瘤学3D球状体模型</kwd><kwd>膀胱癌</kwd><kwd>前列腺癌</kwd><kwd>肾癌</kwd><kwd>组织工程</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was funded withon the Program of Strategic Academic Leadership of the Bashkir State Medical University (PRIORITY-2030).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счёт средств Программы стратегического академического лидерства Башкирского государственного медицинского университета (ПРИОРИТЕТ-2030).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Urzì O, Gasparro R, Costanzo E, et al. Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures: The Bridge between In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(15):12046. doi: 10.3390/ijms241512046 EDN: ZHCJKH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Ryu NE, Lee SH, Park H. Spheroid Culture System Methods and Applications for Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells. 2019;8(12):1620. doi: 10.3390/cells8121620</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Zanoni M, Cortesi M, Zamagni A, et al. Modeling neoplastic disease with spheroids and organoids. J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s13045-020-00931-0 EDN: FUJIMY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Neuhaus J, Rabien A, Reinhold A, et al. 3D Tumor Models in Urology. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(7):6232. doi: 10.3390/ijms24076232 EDN: UANMCM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Caprio ND, Burdick JA. Engineered biomaterials to guide spheroid formation, function, and fabrication into 3D tissue constructs. Acta Biomater. 2023;165:4–18. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.052 EDN: AYUPNC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Clevers H. Modeling Development and Disease with Organoids. Cell. 2016;165(7):1586–1597. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.082</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Carvalho V, Bañobre-López M, Minas G, et al. The integration of spheroids and organoids into organ-on-a-chip platforms for tumour research: A review. Bioprinting. 2022;27:e00224. doi: 10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00224</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Zhao Z, Chen X, Dowbaj AM, et al. Organoids. Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2022;2:94. doi: 10.1038/s43586-022-00174-y EDN: OUASQM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Vadivelu RK, Kamble H, Shiddiky MJA, Nguyen NT. Microfluidic Technology for the Generation of Cell Spheroids and Their Applications. Micromachines. 2017;8:94. doi: 10.3390/mi8040094 EDN: YYKHKJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Senrung A, Lalwani S, Janjua D, et al. 3D tumor spheroids: morphological alterations a yardstick to anti-cancer drug response. In Vitro Model. 2023;2(6):219–248. doi: 10.1007/s44164-023-00059-8 EDN: KHGTEK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Achilli TM, Meyer J, Morgan JR. Advances in the formation, use and understanding of multi-cellular spheroids. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(10):1347–1360. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2012.707181</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Yen BL, Hsieh CC, Hsu PJ, et al. Three-Dimensional Spheroid Culture of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Offering Therapeutic Advantages and In Vitro Glimpses of the In Vivo State. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2023;12(5):235–244. doi: 10.1093/stcltm/szad011 EDN: TCRONH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Kim SJ, Kim EM, Yamamoto M, et al. Engineering Multi-Cellular Spheroids for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Adv Healthc Mater. 2020;9(23):e2000608. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202000608 EDN: BLAPYY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Wang S, Matsumoto K, Lish SR, et al. Budding epithelial morphogenesis driven by cell-matrix versus cell-cell adhesion. Cell. 2021;184(14):3702–3716.e30. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.015 EDN: GTEPWI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Kleinman HK, Martin GR. Matrigel: basement membrane matrix with biological activity. Semin Cancer Biol. 2005;15(5):378–386. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2005.05.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Loessner D, Stok KS, Lutolf MP, et al. Bioengineered 3D platform to explore cell-ECM interactions and drug resistance of epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Biomaterials. 2010;31(32):8494–8506. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.064 EDN: NYMKYL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Lee JM, Park DY, Yang L, et al. Generation of uniform-sized multicellular tumor spheroids using hydrogel microwells for advanced drug screening. Scientific reports. 2018;8(1):17145. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35216-7 EDN: JZKWCR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Vadivelu RK, Kamble H, Shiddiky M, et al. Microfluidic Technology for the Generation of Cell Spheroids and Their Applications. Micromachines. 2017;8(4):94. doi: 10.3390/mi8040094 EDN: YYKHKJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Gupta N, Liu JR, Patel B, et al. Microfluidics-based 3D cell culture models: Utility in novel drug discovery and delivery research. Bioeng Transl Med. 2016;1(1):63–81. doi: 10.1002/btm2.10013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Eglen RM, Klein J-L. Three-Dimensional Cell Culture: A Rapidly Emerging Approach to Cellular Science and Drug Discovery. SLAS Discov. 2017;22(5):453–455. doi: 10.1177/2472555217702448</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Langhans SA. Three-Dimensional in Vitro Cell Culture Models in Drug Discovery and Drug Repositioning. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:6. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Fürsatz M, Gerges P, Wolbank S, Nürnberger S. Autonomous spheroid formation by culture plate compartmentation. Biofabrication. 2021;13(3). doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/abe186 EDN: DFFXDE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Filippova SYu, Timofeeva SV, Mezhevova IV, et al. Three-dimensional cell models for studying tumor-immune interactions and testing immunotherapeutic drugs. Russian Journal of Oncology. 2023;28(1):65–67. doi: 10.17816/onco516562</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Jensen C, Teng Y. Is It Time to Start Transitioning From 2D to 3D Cell Culture? Front Mol Biosci. 2020;7:33. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00033 EDN: ZRLWDY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Türker E, Demirçak N, Arslan-Yildiz A. Scaffold-free three-dimensional cell culturing using magnetic levitation. Biomater Sci. 2018;6(7):1745–1753. doi: 10.1039/c8bm00122g EDN: YHEVFJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Moldovan NI. Progress in scaffold-free bioprinting for cardiovascular medicine. J Cell Mol Med. 2018;22(6):2964–2969. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.1359 EDN: YGBMKT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Sarigil O, Anil-Inevi M, Firatligil-Yildirir B, et al. Scaffold-free biofabrication of adipocyte structures with magnetic levitation. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2021;118(3):1127–1140. doi: 10.1002/bit.27631 EDN: WGPEQG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Nath S, Devi GR. Three-dimensional culture systems in cancer research: Focus on tumor spheroid model. Pharmacol Ther. 2016;163:94–108. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121881 EDN: NSOTLK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Gerwinn T, Salemi S, Krattiger L, et al. Spheroids of Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells for Bladder Tissue Engineering. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:9391575. doi: 10.1155/2021/9391575 EDN: KRBECF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Beamish JA, He P, Kottke-Marchant K, Marchant RE. Molecular regulation of contractile smooth muscle cell phenotype: implications for vascular tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2010;16(5):467–491. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2009.0630 EDN: NZXONV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Smith YC, Grande KK, Rasmussen SB, O'Brien AD. Novel three-dimensional organoid model for evaluation of the interaction of uropathogenic Escherichia coli with terminally differentiated human urothelial cells. Infect Immun. 2006;74(1):750–757. doi: 10.1128/IAI.74.1.750-757.2006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Lee SH, Hu W, Matulay JT, et al. Tumor Evolution and Drug Response in Patient-Derived Organoid Models of Bladder Cancer. Cell. 2018;173(2):515–528.e17. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Neal JT, Li X, Zhu J, et al. Organoid Modeling of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Cell. 2018;175:1972–1988.e16. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.021 EDN: BZEJUH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Yu L, Li Z, Mei H, et al. Patient-derived organoids of bladder cancer recapitulate antigen expression profiles and serve as a personal evaluation model for CAR-T cells in vitro. Clin Transl Immunol. 2021;10:e1248. doi: 10.1002/cti2.1248 EDN: VTNGWY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Yoshida T, Okuyama H, Nakayama M, et al. High-dose chemotherapeutics of intravesical chemotherapy rapidly induce mitochondrial dysfunction in bladder cancer-derived spheroids. Cancer Sci. 2015;106(1):69–77. doi: 10.1111/cas.12567</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Brown JM, Attardi LD. The role of apoptosis in cancer development and treatment response. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5(3):231–237. doi: 10.1038/nrc1560</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Ricci MS, Zong WX. Chemotherapeutic approaches for targeting cell death pathways. Oncologist. 2006;11(4):342–357. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.11-4-342 EDN: MCXDZT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Pomerantz MM, Qiu X, Zhu Y, et al. Prostate Cancer Reactivates Developmental Epigenomic Programs during Metastatic Progression. Nat Genet. 2020;52:790–799. doi: 10.1038/s41588-020-0664-8 EDN: LESANF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Muniyan S, Rachagani S, Parte S, et al. Sildenafil Potentiates the Therapeutic Efficacy of Docetaxel in Advanced Prostate Cancer by Stimulating NO-cGMP Signaling. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26(21):5720–5734. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-1569 EDN: PZLTHO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Tait SW, Green DR. Mitochondria and cell death: outer membrane permeabilization and beyond. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010;11(9):621–632. doi: 10.1038/nrm2952 EDN: MZGQUF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Nikulin SV, Alekseev BY, Poloznikov AA, Osipyants AI. The first experience of using prostate cancer organoids as a model for personalized selection of drugs. Cancer Urology. 2023;19(2):41–46. doi: 10.17650/1726-9776-2023-19-2-41-46 EDN: ELKTLY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Gao D, Vela I, Sboner A, et al. Organoid cultures derived from patients with advanced prostate cancer. Cell. 2014;159(1):176–187. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Tyson DR, Inokuchi J, Tsunoda T, et al. Culture requirements of prostatic epithelial cell lines for acinar morphogenesis and lumen formation in vitro: role of extracellular calcium. Prostate. 2007;67(15):1601–1613. doi: 10.1002/pros.20628</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Saeednejad Zanjani L, Madjd Z, Rasti A, et al. Spheroid-Derived Cells From Renal Adenocarcinoma Have Low Telomerase Activity and High Stem-Like and Invasive Characteristics. Front Oncol. 2019;9:1302. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01302</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Li Z, Xu H, Yu L, et al. Patient-derived renal cell carcinoma organoids for personalized cancer therapy. Clin Transl Med. 2022;12(7):e970. doi: 10.1002/ctm2.970</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Omer D, Pleniceanu O, Gnatek Y, et al. Human Kidney Spheroids and Monolayers Provide Insights into SARS-CoV-2 Renal Interactions. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(9):2242–2254. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2020111546 EDN: ROCJCM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Adamowicz J, Kuffel B, Van Breda SV, et al. Reconstructive urology and tissue engineering: Converging developmental paths. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2019;13(3):522–533. doi: 10.1002/term.2812</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Gerwinn T, Salemi S, Schori LJ, et al. Improved contractile potential in detrusor microtissues from pediatric patients with end stage lower urinary tract dysfunction. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022;10:1007265. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1007265 EDN: TFTTRQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Takagi K, Matsumoto K, Taniguchi D, et al. Regeneration of the ureter using a scaffold-free live-cell structure created with the bio-three-dimensional printing technique. Acta Biomater. 2023;165:102–110. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.006 EDN: JSOHZK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Pastorek D, Culenova M, Csobonyeiova M, et al. Tissue Engineering of the Urethra: From Bench to Bedside. Biomedicines. 2021;9(12):1917. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9121917</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Vasyutin IA, Lyundup AV, Vinarov AZ, et al. Urethra Reconstruction with Tissue-Engineering Technology. Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences. 2017;72(1):17–25. doi: 10.15690/vramn771 EDN: YFYIQR</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
