In the second half of the 20th century in the USSR there were two influential schools of medical historians, competing with each other: the school of B.D. Petrov (Department of the History of Medicine of the Research Institute of Healthcare Organization and History of Medicine named after N.A. Semashko) and the school of F.R. Borodulin [Department of the History of Medicine of the First Moscow Medical Institute (Moscow Medical Academy named after I.M. Sechenov)]. With the end of the Soviet era in the history of the country, the influence of these schools also ended. In the 21st century, according to the author, there are also two scientific schools of medical historians functioning in Russia, they were created respectively by Academician A.M. Stochik and Professor V.I. Borodulin. Both schools have no genetic connection with the schools of the twentieth century and successfully continue the development of the scientific history of medicine, interrupted in the 20s of the twentieth century. In his research, the author uses the criteria for the viability of scientific schools proposed by V.I. Borodulin in relation to clinical schools. The decisive criterion is the presence of an original scientific direction developed by the teacher and his students. The author highlights such directions in the work of scientific teams headed by A.M. Stochik and V.I. Borodulin and indicates the leading representatives of these schools. The issues of “registration” of each student in a given school, partial “adjacent” to the school, and affiliated schools are also considered.