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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">624113</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ624113</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Experimental medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальная медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of amitriptyline, risperidone, and nooclerin on the behavior of male and female rats in the valproate model of autism</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние амитриптилина, рисперидона и нооклерина на поведение самок и самцов крыс в вальпроатной модели аутизма</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-867X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3132-2628</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>Dmitry O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assis., Depart. of Pharmacology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, асс., каф. фармакологии</p></bio><email>richard4777@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-3878</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4670-8980</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valeeva</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валеева</surname><given-names>Елена Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Res., Depart. of Mol. Gen., Central Research Lab.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр., отдел молекулярной генетики, ЦНИЛ</p></bio><email>vevaleeva@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1613-9749</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3251-5206</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikiforova</surname><given-names>Lubov S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никифорова</surname><given-names>Любовь Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doc. of clin. lab. diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач клин. лаб. диагностики</p></bio><email>nikiforova.liuba.99@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3515-0845</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4385-3650</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semina</surname><given-names>Irina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семина</surname><given-names>Ирина Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), prof., Depart. of Pharmacology, head of Central Research Lab.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф., каф. фармакологии, зав., ЦНИЛ</p></bio><email>seminai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>106</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>217</fpage><lpage>225</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-04"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-01-10"><day>10</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-04-20"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/624113">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/624113</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by anxiety and stereotypical behaviors and is more commonly diagnosed in boys. Therefore, developing behavioral correction strategies for autism spectrum disorder with consideration of sex differences is especially relevant.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: To assess the effects of amitriptyline, risperidone, and nooclerin on anxiety-like and stereotypical behaviors in male and female rats in the valproate model of autism.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL</bold><bold> </bold><bold>AND</bold><bold> </bold><bold>METHODS</bold>: Anxiety-like and stereotypical behaviors were studied in 32 male and 32 female rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid and treated subcutaneously for 30 days with amitriptyline (4 mg/kg), risperidone (1 mg/kg), or nooclerin (20 mg/kg). Control groups included 8 males and 8 females. Behavioral testing included the elevated plus maze, extrapolative escape test, and marble burying test. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA in GraphPad Prism 8.0.1.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: In the elevated plus maze, rats in the autism model showed increased anxiety: time spent in the open arms decreased by 3.0-fold in females (p = 0.00001) and 1.9-fold in males (p = 0.00001); the number of open-arm entries decreased by 1.9-fold in females (p = 0.002) and 4.2-fold in males (p = 0.0001), compared with controls. In male rats, administration of amitriptyline and nooclerin reduced anxiety: time spent in the open arms increased by 3.7-fold (p = 0.001) and 3.9-fold (p = 0.0001), respectively, and the number of open-arm entries increased by 5.3-fold (p = 0.0001). In female rats, only nooclerin demonstrated an anxiolytic effect, with a 2.5-fold increase in the number of open-arm entries (p = 0.003). In the extrapolative escape test, female rats with autism exhibited increased anxiety, as evidenced by a 3.3-fold increase in jump duration (p = 0.0004) and a 2.3-fold increase in jump count (p = 0.004), compared with controls. All treatments normalized these parameters. Stereotypical behavior was observed in both sexes in the autism model, indicated by a 4.8-fold reduction in the number of untouched marbles in males (p = 0.00002) and a 4.2-fold reduction in females (p = 0.003), compared with controls. All treatments normalized this parameter.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: Nooclerin showed anxiolytic effects in both male and female rats in the model of autism, whereas amitriptyline was effective only in males. Under high-stress conditions, anxiety developed only in females, and all tested drugs demonstrated anxiolytic effects.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность</bold>. Аутизм — расстройство, сопровождающееся тревожностью и стереотипностью, чаще диагностируется у мальчиков. Поэтому разработка подходов к коррекции поведенческих нарушений при аутизме с учётом половых различий особенно актуальна.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold>. Оценить влияние амитриптилина, рисперидона и нооклерина на тревожное и стереотипное поведение крыс в вальпроатной модели аутизма c учётом половых различий.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы</bold>. Тревожное и стереотипное поведение крыс в модели аутизма, индуцированной пренатальным введением вальпроевой кислоты, изучали на 32 самцах и 32 самках после 30-дневного подкожного введения амитриптилина (4 мг/кг), рисперидона (1 мг/кг), нооклерина (20 мг/кг) в сравнении с контролем (8 самцов, 8 самок) в тестах «Приподнятый крестообразный лабиринт», «Экстраполяционное избавление», «Закапывание шариков». Статистическую обработку выполнили в GraphPad Prism 8.0.1 с использованием однофакторного ANOVA.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. В «Приподнятом крестообразном лабиринте» у крыс с аутизмом отмечали увеличение тревожности: уменьшение как времени нахождения в «открытых рукавах» в 3,0 (<italic>р</italic>=0,00001) у самок и 1,9 (<italic>р</italic>=0,00001) раза у самцов, так и количества заходов в «открытые рукава» в 1,9 (<italic>p</italic>=0,002) у самок и 4,2 (<italic>p</italic>=0,0001) раза у самцов относительно контроля. Введение амитриптилина и нооклерина самцам в модели аутизма снижало тревожность: увеличение времени нахождения в «открытых рукавах» в 3,7 (<italic>р</italic>=0,001) и 3,9 (<italic>р</italic>=0,0001) раза, а также увеличение числа заходов в «открытые рукава» в 5,3 (<italic>p</italic>=0,0001) раза в случае самцов и в 2,5 (<italic>p</italic>=0,003) раза в случае самок. У самок только нооклерин проявил анксиолитический эффект. В «Экстраполяционном избавлении» отмечалось увеличение тревожности [увеличение времени совершения прыжков в 3,3 (<italic>р</italic>=0,0004) раза и их количества в 2,3 (<italic>p</italic>=0,004) раза] у самок с аутизмом по сравнению с контролем. Введение всех исследуемых препаратов нормализовало этот показатель. Стереотипность отмечали у крыс обоего пола в модели аутизма: количество нетронутых шариков было у самцов в 4,8 (<italic>р</italic>=0,00002) раза и самок в 4,2 (<italic>р</italic>=0,003) раза меньше контрольных. Введение всех исследуемых препаратов нормализовало данный показатель.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Нооклерин проявлял анксиолитический эффект у крыс обоего пола в модели аутизма, амитриптилин — только у самцов. На модели повышенного стресса тревожность развивалась лишь у самок, и все исследуемые препараты демонстрировали анксиолитическое действие.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>autism</kwd><kwd>valproate model of autism</kwd><kwd>amitriptyline</kwd><kwd>risperidone</kwd><kwd>nooclerin</kwd><kwd>behavior</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аутизм</kwd><kwd>вальпроатная модель аутизма</kwd><kwd>амитриптилин</kwd><kwd>рисперидон</kwd><kwd>нооклерин</kwd><kwd>поведение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-25-00325</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Semina II, Mukharyamova LM, Sabirov IS, et al. 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