Kazan medical journalKazan medical journalКазанский медицинский журнал0368-48142587-9359Eco-Vector62397110.17816/KMJ623971Clinical experiencesОбмен клиническим опытомReview ArticleReview of materials and technological solutions for creating phantoms used in computed tomographyОбзор материалов и технологических решений для создания фантомов, применяемых в компьютерной томографииhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4952-1619CherkasskayaMarina V.ЧеркасскаяМарина Валерьевна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Technic.), Researcher, Depart. of Innovative Technologies

канд. технич. наук, науч. сотрудник, отд. инновационных технологий

CherkasskayaMV@zdrav.mos.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1694-4682PetraikinAlexey V.ПетряйкинАлексей Владимирович
Russian Federation

M.D., D. Sci. (Med.), Assoc. Prof., Chief Researcher

докт. мед. наук, доц., гл. науч. сотрудник

PetryajkinAV@zdrav.mos.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0245-4431OmelyanskayaOlga V.ОмелянскаяОльга Васильевна
Russian Federation

Head, Division Management, Science Directorate

руководитель, управление подразделениями дирекции наука

OmelyanskayaOV@zdrav.mos.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0916-6552LeonovDenis V.ЛеоновДенис Владимирович
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Technic.), Senior Researcher, Depart. of Scientific Medical Research

канд. технич. наук, ст. науч. сотрудник, отдел научных медицинских исследований

LeonovDV2@zdrav.mos.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0208-5218VasilevYuri A.ВасильевЮрий Александрович
Russian Federation

M.D., Cand. Sci. (Med.), Director

канд. мед. наук, директор

VasilevYA1@zdrav.mos.ruScientific and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Department of HealthНаучно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий Департамента здравоохранения г. МосквыScientific and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Department of HealthНаучно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы200320240104202410523223332811202321022024Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор2024Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/623971

The use of computed tomography during diagnostic examinations makes it a source of additional radiation exposure to patients. In this regard, the development of test objects (phantoms) that simulate the X-ray properties of tissues, including for preliminary assessment of the ionizing radiation distribution, becomes relevant. These test objects play an important role in quality control and the development of new medical imaging methods in conditions where test scans of patients are not possible. Although a range of ready-made solutions is available on the market, there is a lack of prototypes with a certain set of properties to test scientific and practical hypotheses in solving specific clinical and technical problems. Finding materials for a fast and inexpensive production process and studying their properties could provide insight into the effectiveness of their use in making phantoms. The purpose of the work is to search and analyze materials for creating phantoms used in computed tomography. The article discusses materials for the production of non-anthropomorphic and anthropomorphic phantoms, including those printed on a 3D printer. The development of three-dimensional printing has facilitated the transition from simple test objects to high-precision anthropomorphic phantoms made from tissue-mimicking materials that have equivalent signals on computer tomograms. Plastics, silicones, polyvinyl chloride, resins, liquids are used for visualizations identical to soft tissues; plastics, gypsum, photopolymers, potassium hydrogen orthophosphate, calcium hydroxyapatite, plexiglass — for hard tissues. Commercial phantoms are made from materials with reproducible, stable properties, but these same materials must be retested to create test objects specific to a particular clinical task.

Использование компьютерной томографии во время диагностических обследований делает её источником дополнительной лучевой нагрузки на пациентов. В связи с этим становится актуальной разработка тест-объектов (фантомов), имитирующих рентгенологические свойства тканей, в том числе для предварительной оценки распределения ионизирующего излучения. Указанные тест-объекты играют важную роль в контроле качества и разработке новых методов медицинской визуализации в условиях невозможности тестовых сканирований пациентов. Хотя на рынке доступен ассортимент готовых решений, существует нехватка опытных образцов с определённым комплексом свойств для проверки научных и практических гипотез в решении конкретных клинических и технических задач. Поиск материалов для быстрого и недорогого производственного процесса, изучение их свойств могли бы дать представление об эффективности их использования для изготовления фантомов. Цель работы — поиск и анализ материалов для создания фантомов, применяемых в компьютерной томографии. В статье рассмотрены материалы для производства неантропоморфных и антропоморфных фантомов, в том числе напечатанных на 3D-принтере. Развитие трёхмерной печати способствовало переходу от простых тестовых объектов к высокоточным антропоморфным фантомам, изготовленным из материалов, имитирующих ткани, имеющих эквивалентные сигналы на компьютерных томограммах. Пластмассы, силиконы, поливинилхлорид, смолы, жидкости используют для визуализаций, идентичных мягким тканям; пластики, гипс, фотополимеры, гидроортофосфат калия, гидроксиапатит кальция, плексиглас — твёрдым тканям. Коммерческие фантомы изготовлены из материалов с воспроизводимыми стабильными свойствами, однако эти же материалы необходимо повторно тестировать при создании тест-объектов, специфичных для конкретной клинической задачи.

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