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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">60605</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ2021-141</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical and clinical medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретическая и клиническая медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Quantitative and qualitative changes in blood cells associated with COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Количественные и качественные изменения клеток крови при COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Evtugina</surname><given-names>N G</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евтюгина</surname><given-names>Наталья Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>natalja.evtugyna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sannikova</surname><given-names>S S</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Санникова</surname><given-names>Светлана Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>natalja.evtugyna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Peshkova</surname><given-names>A D</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пешкова</surname><given-names>Алина Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>natalja.evtugyna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Safiullina</surname><given-names>S I</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафиуллина</surname><given-names>Светлана Ильдаровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>natalja.evtugyna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andrianova</surname><given-names>I A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андрианова</surname><given-names>Изабелла Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>natalja.evtugyna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarasova</surname><given-names>G R</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарасова</surname><given-names>Гульзада Рафаиловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>natalja.evtugyna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khismatullin</surname><given-names>R R</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хисматуллин</surname><given-names>Рафаэль Рафикович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>natalja.evtugyna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdullaeva</surname><given-names>Sh M</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдуллаева</surname><given-names>Шахноза Матмурадовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>natalja.evtugyna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvinov</surname><given-names>R I</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвинов</surname><given-names>Рустем Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>natalja.evtugyna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Clinical Hospital No. 16</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская клиническая больница №16</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Medical Center “Aibolit”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский центр «Айболит»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-04-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>141</fpage><lpage>155</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-02-11"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-04-02"><day>02</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Evtugina N.G., Sannikova S.S., Peshkova A.D., Safiullina S.I., Andrianova I.A., Tarasova G.R., Khismatullin R.R., Abdullaeva S.M., Litvinov R.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Евтюгина Н.Г., Санникова С.С., Пешкова А.Д., Сафиуллина С.И., Андрианова И.А., Тарасова Г.Р., Хисматуллин Р.Р., Абдуллаева Ш.М., Литвинов Р.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Evtugina N.G., Sannikova S.S., Peshkova A.D., Safiullina S.I., Andrianova I.A., Tarasova G.R., Khismatullin R.R., Abdullaeva S.M., Litvinov R.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Евтюгина Н.Г., Санникова С.С., Пешкова А.Д., Сафиуллина С.И., Андрианова И.А., Тарасова Г.Р., Хисматуллин Р.Р., Абдуллаева Ш.М., Литвинов Р.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2024-04-06"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/60605">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/60605</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Aim.</bold> To establish the relationship of hematological disorders with the pathogenesis, course and outcomes of COVID-19.</p> <p><bold>Methods.</bold> We examined 235 hospitalized patients with moderate and severe forms of acute COVID-19 receiving anticoagulants and immunosuppressive drugs. We studied the full blood cell counts and morphology along with the platelet function by flow cytometry in comparison with the clinical features and synthesis of inflammatory markers. To assess platelet contractility, blood clot contraction (retraction) kinetics was used in combination with scanning electron microscopy of platelets and blood clots.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Hemolytic anemia, neutrophilia and lymphopenia were associated with immature erythrocytes and leukocytes, indicating activation of hematopoiesis. Contraction of blood clots in COVID-19 was impaired, especially in severe and lethal cases, as well as in the presence of comorbidities, including myeloproliferative and coronary heart diseases and acute cerebrovascular disease. In male patients, the changes in clot contraction were more pronounced. Suppression of clot contraction correlated directly with anemia and coagulopathy, including a high D-dimer level, which confirms the pathogenetic significance of blood clot contraction in COVID-19. A decrease in platelet contractility was due to moderate thrombocytopenia in combination with chronic platelet activation and secondary platelet dysfunction. The structure and cellular composition of blood clots depended on the extent of contraction; clots with impaired contraction were porous, had a low content of deformed polyhedral erythrocytes (polyhedrocytes) and an even distribution of fibrin.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Blood cells undergoing both quantitative and qualitative changes are involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19; the suppressed platelet-driven contraction of intravital blood clots may be a part of the prothrombotic mechanisms.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель.</bold> Установить связь гематологических нарушений с патогенезом, течением и исходами COVID-19.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Обследованы 235 госпитальных пациентов в остром периоде COVID-19 со среднетяжёлой и тяжёлой формами болезни на фоне антикоагулянтной и иммуносупрессивной терапии. Изучали гемограмму и морфологию клеток крови, а также функциональное состояние тромбоцитов методом проточной цитометрии в сопоставлении с клинической картиной и синтезом маркёров воспаления. Для оценки сократительной функции тромбоцитов использовали тест кинетики контракции (ретракции) сгустков крови в сочетании со сканирующей электронной микроскопией тромбоцитов и сгустков крови.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Наряду с гемолитической анемией, нейтрофилёзом и лимфопенией в крови пациентов присутствуют незрелые формы эритроцитов и лейкоцитов вследствие активации гемопоэза. Контракция сгустков крови при COVID-19 нарушена, особенно при тяжёлом течении заболевания и летальных исходах, а также при наличии сопутствующих заболеваний, включая гемобластозы, ишемическую болезнь сердца и острые нарушения мозгового кровообращения. У пациентов-мужчин изменения контракции более выражены. Подавление контракции прямо коррелирует с признаками анемии и коагулопатии, включая уровень D-димера, что подтверждает патогенетическую значимость сжатия сгустков крови при COVID-19. Снижение сократительного потенциала тромбоцитов обусловлено умеренной тромбоцитопенией в сочетании с хронической активацией и вторичной дисфункцией тромбоцитов. Строение и клеточный состав сгустков крови зависят от полноты контракции; сгустки с неполной контракцией характеризуются высокой порозностью, низким содержанием деформированных многогранных эритроцитов (полиэдроцитов) и равномерным распределением фибрина.</p> <p><bold>Вывод.</bold> В патогенезе COVID-19 участвуют клетки крови, которые претерпевают как количественные, так и качественные изменения; одним из протромботических механизмов может быть нарушение контракции сгустков крови.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>blood cells</kwd><kwd>blood clotting</kwd><kwd>contraction of blood clots</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>platelets</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>клетки крови</kwd><kwd>свёртывание крови</kwd><kwd>контракция сгустков крови</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>тромбоциты</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счёт средств Программы стратегического академического лидерства Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета, гранта 21-75-00010 Российского научного фонда и грантов Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований 19-015-00075 и 18-415-160004 (совместный с Республикой Татарстан)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bhatraju P.K., Ghassemieh B.J., Nichols M., Kim R., Jerome K.R., Nalla A.K., Greninger A.L., Pipavath S., Wurfel M.M., Evans L., Kritek P.A., West T.E., Luks A., Gerbino A., Dale C.R., Goldman J.D., O'Mahony S., Mikacenic C. 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