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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">497349</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ497349</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern concepts about the pathogenesis of thrombosis of various etiologies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные представления о патогенезе тромбозов различной этиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8597-811X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57201333953</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAT-8662-2020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2802-2405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khismatullin</surname><given-names>Rafael R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хисматуллин</surname><given-names>Рафаэль Рафикович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Lecturer, Depart. of Morphology and General Pathology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology; Pathologist, Pathoanatomical Depart., Medical and Sanitary Unit</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ст. преподаватель, каф. морфологии и общей патологии, Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии; врач-патологоанатом, патологоанатомическое отд., Медико-санитарная часть</p></bio><email>rafael.khismatullin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0643-1496</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">35565337800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">E-5291-2011</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1327-1641</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvinov</surname><given-names>Rustem I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвинов</surname><given-names>Рустем Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="US">United States</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Senior Research Investigator, Depart. of Cell and Developmental Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. мед. наук, проф., ст. исследователь, департ. клеточной биологии, медицинский факультет</p></bio><email>rustempa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии, Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Департамент клеточной биологии Медицинского факультета, Пенсильванский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-12-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-02-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>105</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>109</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-06-20"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-12-04"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-02-02"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/497349">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/497349</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Thrombosis becomes the cause and complication of many cardiovascular diseases, and their prevalence remains a leader in the structure of morbidity and mortality in Russia and throughout the world. Modern fundamental and clinical research has significantly supplemented traditional ideas about the mechanisms of thrombus formation. First of all, Virchow's triad has been rethought, in which, according to new data, the leading role is assigned to vascular damage, and slowing down blood flow plays a primary role in the formation of only venous, but not arterial, blood clots. In recent years, the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction underlying thrombosis associated with inflammatory (immunothrombosis) and atherosclerotic (atherothrombosis) damage to the vascular wall have been studied in detail. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of acquired hypercoagulability and hereditary thrombophilia have been deciphered. The traditional concept of dividing blood clots into “red” (venous, consisting of fibrin and red blood cells) and “white” (arterial, platelet) is being revised. It has been shown that red blood cells can occupy most of the volume of not only venous, but also arterial thrombi, and play an important role in thrombus formation reactions. The process of compression (contraction, retraction) of blood clots, caused by contraction of activated platelets, changing the structure of the blood clot and affecting the course and outcome of thrombosis, is being actively studied. A deep understanding of the pathogenesis of thrombosis, taking into account modern concepts, is necessary for effective prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic conditions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Тромбозы становятся причиной и осложнением многих сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, а их распространённость остаётся лидирующей в структуре заболеваемости и смертности в России и во всём мире. ¬Современные фундаментальные и клинические исследования существенно дополнили традиционные представления о механизмах тромбообразования. Прежде всего, переосмыслена триада Вирхова, в которой, по новым данным, ведущая роль отведена сосудистому повреждению, а замедление кровотока играет первостепенную роль в формировании лишь венозных, но не артериальных, тромбов. В последние годы детально исследованы механизмы эндотелиальной дисфункции, лежащей в основе тромбозов, ассоциированных с воспалительным (иммунотромбоз) и атеросклеротическим (атеротромбоз) поражением сосудистой стенки. Расшифрованы клеточные и молекулярные механизмы приобретённой гиперкоагулемии и наследственной тромбофилии. Подвергается пересмотру традиционное представление о делении тромбов на «красные» (венозные, состоящие из фибрина и эритроцитов) и «белые» (артериальные, тромбоцитарные). Показано, что эритроциты могут занимать бо́льшую часть объёма не только венозных, но и артериальных тромбов, и играть важную роль в реакциях тромбообразования. Активно исследуется процесс сжатия (контракции, ретракции) тромбов, вызванный сокращением активированных тромбоцитов, изменяющий строение тромба и влияющий на течение и исход тромбоза. Глубокое понимание патогенеза тромбозов с учётом современных представлений необходимо для эффективной профилактики, ранней диагностики и лечения тромботических состояний.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thrombosis</kwd><kwd>arterial thrombus</kwd><kwd>venous thrombus</kwd><kwd>immunothrombosis</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тромбоз</kwd><kwd>артериальный тромб</kwd><kwd>венозный тромб</kwd><kwd>иммунотромбоз</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Программы стратегического академического лидерства Казанского федерального университета (ПРИОРИТЕТ-2030).</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shlyakhto EV, Baranova EI. 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