<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">465709</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ465709</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Experimental medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальная медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The effect of various modes of electrical influence on the skeletal muscles of the lengthened ­segment during distraction of the lower leg according to Ilizarov</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние различных режимов электровоздействия на скелетные мышцы удлиняемого сегмента при дистракции голени по Илизарову</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1706</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57194208169</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">L-5439-2015</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9560-3360</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ovchinnikov</surname><given-names>Evgeny N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Овчинников</surname><given-names>Евгений Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Deputy Scientific Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, зам. директора по научной работе</p></bio><email>Omu00@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0683-9758</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">IRZ-7773-2023</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3007-1309</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filimonova</surname><given-names>Galina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филимонова</surname><given-names>Галина Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Morphology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, ст. научный сотрудник, лаборатория морфологии</p></bio><email>galnik.kurgan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9974-2204</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">65105040400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">ABG-5719-2021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8301-1475</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyuryagina</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дюрягина</surname><given-names>Ольга Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Vet.), Head of Laboratory, National Ilizarov Medical Research Centre for Traumatology and Orthopedics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. вет. наук, зав. экспериментальной лабораторией</p></bio><email>diuriagina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1322-608X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">44062153800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAF-1375-2020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7554-9130</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tushina</surname><given-names>Natalya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тушина</surname><given-names>Наталия Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Researcher, Depart. of Preclinical and Laboratory Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, научный сотрудник, отдел доклинических и лабораторных исследований</p></bio><email>ntushina76@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1006-5217</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9598-0838</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kireeva</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киреева</surname><given-names>Елена Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Senior Researcher, Depart. of Preclinical and Laboratory Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, ст. научный сотрудник, отдел доклинических и лабораторных исследований</p></bio><email>ea_tkachuk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics named after G.A. Ilizarov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Г.А. Илизарова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-11-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-02-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>105</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>73</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-06-02"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-11-09"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-02-02"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/465709">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/465709</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> When using electrical muscle stimulation in clinical practice, it is important to select the optimal mode of this effect, since muscles largely determine the movement of the limb during the rehabilitation period.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> Study of the tibialis anterior muscle reaction during Ilizarov distraction of the tibia in combination with the direct effect of direct electric current on the regenerated area in the experiment.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL AND METHODS:</bold> The tibialis anterior muscle and biochemical parameters of blood serum (creatin kinase activity, lactate concentration) of 27 male Soviet chinchilla rabbits aged 12 months, weighing 3.85±0.18 kg, tibia length 11.2±0.13 cm, were studied. The animals were divided into three groups: control (n=9), first (n=9) and second experimental (n=9). The right tibia was fixed with an Ilizarov apparatus, a transverse osteotomy was performed in the middle third of the diaphysis, and from the 5th day, distraction began at a rhythm of 0.125 mm in 4 steps to an amount of 10% of the original length for 26 days. Fixation lasted 40 days, the period without the device was 30 days. For electrical stimulation, wire-electrodes were inserted into the diaphysis, and electrical stimulation of the bone regenerate was performed for 1 minute with a current intensity of 150 mAm. In the first group, electrical stimulation was performed starting from the day of surgery and on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 of the experiment. In group 2, electrical stimulation began on the 10th day after surgery and on the 12th, 14th, 16th, 18th, and 20th days of the experiment. In the control group, no electrical stimulation was applied. Using the methods of stereometric analysis of digitized images of tibialis muscle’s cross sections, the volumetric density of myosymplasts, microvessels, endomysium and nuclear component, the numerical density of myosymplasts and microvessels were determined, and the vascularization index was calculated. For statistical processing of data, the Wilcoxon W test and the Mann–Whitney T test were used; numerical data were presented in tables.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A positive effect of electrical stimulation on the muscles of the experimental groups was established in comparison with the control group, where fibrosis of muscle tissue at the end of the experiment was 0.2777±0.0055 mm3/mm3, which was 230% relative to the parameter of the first group (0.1217±0.0121 mm3/mm3) and 370% relative to the second group (0.0752±0.0062 mm3/mm3). An advantage was noted for the second group, where electrical stimulation was carried out from the 5th day of distraction and at the end of the experiment the histostructure of the muscle, characteristic of the intact norm, prevailed.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Electrical impact on bone regenerate from the 5th day of distraction stimulates reparative processes in the tibialis anterior muscle and serves as an organ-saving method.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> При электростимуляции мышц в клинической практике важно подобрать оптимальный режим этого воздействия, поскольку мышцы во многом определяют движение конечности в периоде реабилитации. Цель. Исследование реакции передней большеберцовой мышцы кроликов при дистракции берцовой кости голени по Илизарову в сочетании с прямым воздействием постоянного электрического тока на зону регенерата в эксперименте.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы исследования.</bold> Исследовали переднюю большеберцовую мышцу и биохимические показатели сыворотки крови (активность креатинкиназы, концентрацию лактата) 27 кроликов-самцов породы советская шиншилла в возрасте 12 мес, с массой тела 3,85±0,18 кг, длиной голени 11,2±0,13 см. Животные были разделены на три группы: контрольную (n=9), первую (n=9) и вторую (n=9) опытные. Фиксировали правую большеберцовую кость аппаратом Илизарова, осуществляли поперечную остеотомию в средней трети диафиза, c 5-х суток начинали дистракцию в ритме 0,125 мм за 4 приёма на величину 10% исходной длины в течение 26 сут. Фиксация длилась 40 сут, период без аппарата — 30 сут. Для электровоздействия в диафиз вводили спицы-электроды, выполняли электростимуляцию костного регенерата в течение 1 мин с силой тока 150 мА. В первой группе выполняли электростимуляцию, начиная со дня операции и на 2-е, 4-е, 6-е, 8-е и 10-е сутки опыта. В второй группе электровоздействие начинали с 10-х суток после операции и на 12-е, 14-е, 16-е, 18-е, 20-е сутки опыта. В контрольной группе электровоздействие не осуществляли. Методами стереометрического анализа оцифрованных изображений поперечных срезов большеберцовой мышцы определяли объёмную плотность миосимпластов, микрососудов, эндомизия и ядерного компонента, численную плотность миосимпластов и микрососудов, рассчитывали индекс васкуляризации. При статистической обработке данных использовали W-критерий Уилкоксона и Т-критерий Манна–Уитни, численные данные представлены в таблицах.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Установлено положительное влияние электростимуляции на мышцы опытных групп по сравнению с контрольной, где фиброз мышечной ткани по окончании эксперимента 0,2777±0,0055 мм<sup>3</sup>/мм<sup>3</sup>, что составило 230% относительно параметра первой группы (0,1217±0,0121 мм<sup>3</sup>/мм<sup>3</sup>) и 370% относительно второй группы (0,0752±0,0062 мм<sup>3</sup>/мм<sup>3</sup>). Отмечено преимущество во второй группе, где электровоздействие осуществляли с 5-х суток дистракции, и по окончании опыта преобладала гистологическая структура мышцы, характерная для интактной нормы.</p> <p><bold>Вывод.</bold> Электровоздействие на костный регенерат с 5-х суток дистракции стимулирует репаративные процессы в передней большеберцовой мышце и служит органосберегающим методом.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>experiment</kwd><kwd>Ilizarov method</kwd><kwd>distraction</kwd><kwd>electrical stimulation</kwd><kwd>biochemical parameters of blood serum</kwd><kwd>tibialis anterior muscle</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эксперимент</kwd><kwd>метод Илизарова</kwd><kwd>дистракция</kwd><kwd>электровоздействие</kwd><kwd>биохимические показатели сыворотки крови</kwd><kwd>передняя большеберцовая мышца</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания 2021–2023 гг., направление 1, задача 7: «Биоактивный остеосинетез повреждений трубчатых костей».</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Akberdin IR, Kiselev IN, Pintus SS, Sharipov RN, Vertyshev AY, Vinogradova OL, Popov DV, Kolpakov FA. A modular mathematical model of exercise-induced changes in metabolism, signaling, and gene expression in human skeletal muscle. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(19):10353. DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910353.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Kazamel M, Warren PP. History of electromyography and nerve conduction studies: A tribute to the founding fathers. J Clin Neurosci. 2017;43:54–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.05.018.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Azar J, Rao A, Oropallo A. Chronic venous insufficiency: A comprehensive review of management. J Wound Care. 20222;31(6):510–519. DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2022.31.6.510.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogachev VYu, Vasilev VE, Lobanov VN, Golovanova OV, Kuznetsov AN, Ershov PV. The application of electric muscle stimulation for the treatment of venous trophic ulcers. Phlebology. 2014;8(3):18–24. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богачев В.Ю., Васильев В.Е., Лобанов В.Н., Голованова О.В., Кузнецов А.Н., Ершов П.В. Электромышечная стимуляция в лечении венозных трофических язв. Флебология. 2014;8(3):18–24. EDN: TARINH.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reshetneva A. Electrical stimulation in physiotherapy. https://pandia.ru/text/rules.php (access date: 14.08.2023). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Решетнева А. Электростимуляция в физиотерапии. https://pandia.ru/text/rules.php (дата обращения: 14.08.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Electrotherapy, electromagnetic fields (review material). https://physiotherapy.ru/factors/lectro/electroteraphya.html?ysclid=ll2prdixj529844544 (access date: 15.08.2023). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Электротерапия, электромагнитные поля (обзорный материал). https://physiotherapy.ru/factors/electro/electroteraphya.html?ysclid=ll2prdixj529844544 (дата обращения: 15.08.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Evans DR, Williams KJ, Strutton PH, Davies AH. The comparative hemodynamic efficacy of lower limb muscles using transcutaneous electrical stimulation. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2016;4(2):206–214. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.10.009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Vena D, Rubianto J, Popovic MR, Fernie GR, Yadollahi A. The effect of electrical stimulation of the calf muscle on leg fluid accumulation over a long period of sitting. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):6055. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06349-y.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Leppik LP, Froemel D, Slavici A, Ovadia ZN, Hudak L, Henrich D, Marzi I, Barker JH. Effects of electrical stimulation on rat limb regeneration, a new look at an old model. Sci Rep. 2015;5:18353. DOI: 10.1038/srep18353.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Vepkhvadze TF, Vorotnikov AV, Popov DV. Electrical stimulation of cultured myotubes in vitro as a model of skeletal muscle activity: Current state and future prospects. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2021;86(5):597–610. DOI: 10.1134/0006297921050084.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Yi KH, Cong L, Bae JH, Park ES, Rha DW, Kim HJ. Neuromuscular structure of the tibialis anterior muscle for functional electrical stimulation. Surg Radiol Anat. 2017;39(1):77–83. DOI: 10.1007/s00276-016-1698-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Mi J, Xu JK, Yao Z, Yao H, Li Y, He X, Dai BY, Zou L, Tong WX, Zhang XT, Hu PJ, Ruan YC, Tang N, Guo X, Zhao J, He JF, Qin L. Implantable electrical stimulation at dorsal root ganglions accelerates osteoporotic fracture healing via calcitonin gene-related peptide. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;9(1):e2103005. DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Calbiyik M, Yılmaz S. Cureus. Role of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in increasing femoral venous blood flow after total hip prosthesis. Cureus. 2022;14(9):e29255. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29255.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Atkins KD, Bickel CS. Effects of functional electrical stimulation on muscle health after spinal cord injury. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2021;60:226–231. DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.07.025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Lucas RG, Rodríguez-Hurtado I, Álvarez CT, Ortiz G. Effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dynamic mobilization exercises on equine multifidus muscle cross-sectional area. J Equine Vet Sci. 2022;113:103934. DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103934.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Hart RL, Bhadra N, Montague FW, Kilgore KL, Peckham PH. Design and testing of an advanced implantable neuroprosthesis with myoelectric control. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil. 2011;19(1):45–53. DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2010.2079952.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ovchinnikov EN, Godovykh NV, Diuryagina OV, Stogov MV, Ovchinnikov DN, Ovchinnikov NV. Antimicrobial effectiveness of direct electric current flowing through metal implanted medical devices. Meditsinkaya tekhnika. 2021;(5):16–19. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Овчинников Е.Н., Годовых Н.В., Дюрягина О.В., Стогов М.В., Овчинников Д.Н., Овчинников Н.В. Aнтимикробная эффективность постоянного электрического тока при протекании через металлические имплантируемые изделия. Медицинская техника. 2021;(5):16–19. EDN: GROOCS.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Pettersen E, Shah FA, Ortiz-Catalan M. Enhancing osteoblast survival through pulsed electrical stimulation and implications for osseointegration. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):22416. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01901-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Pettersen E, Anderson J, Ortiz-Catalan M. Electrical stimulation to promote osseointegration of bone anchoring implants: A topical review. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2022;19(1):31. DOI: 10.1186/s12984-022-01005-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Ovchinnikov EN, Godovykh NV, Dyuryagina OV, Stogov MV, Ovchinnikov DN, Ovchinnikov NV. Аntimicrobial efficacy of exposure of medical metal implants to direct electric current. Biomedical Engineering. 2022;55(5):323–327. DOI: 10.1007/s10527-022-10128-z.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chursin VV. Intravenous anesthesia (guidelines). Category: KazMUNO (AGIUV). Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care. Almaty city; 2008; 30 p. https://diseases.medelement.com&gt;material&gt;чурсин-вв (access date: 01.06.2023) (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чурсин В.В. Внутривенная анестезия (методические рекомендации). Категория: КазМУНО (АГИУВ). Кафедра анестезиологии и реаниматологии. г. Алматы. 2008; 30 с. https://diseases.medelement.com&gt;material&gt;чурсин-вв (дата обращения: 01.06.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erokhov AI, Kushchenko VI, Baranovsky FYu, Chelnakov VG. Napravitel' provolochnoн pily dlya osteotomii trubchatykh kostey. (Wire saw guide for osteotomy of tubular bones.) Patent SU 1722475 A1 No. 4813972/14. Bulletin No. 12 from 30.03.92. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ерохов А.И., Кущенко В.И., Барановский Ф.Ю., Челнаков В.Г. Направитель проволочной пилы для остеотомии трубчатых костей. Патент SU 1722475 A1 №4813972/14. Бюлл. №12 от 30.03.92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popkov AV, Filimonova GN, Kononovich NA, Popkov DA. Morphological characteristic of the anterior tibial muscle in combined automatic leg lengthening at an increased rate. Surgery news. 2018;26(4):421–430. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18484/2305-0047.2018.4.421.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попков А.В., Филимонова Г.Н., Кононович Н.А., Попков Д.А. Морфологическая характеристика передней большеберцовой мышцы при комбинированном автоматическом удлинении голени повышенным темпом. Новости хирургии. 2018;26(4):421–430. DOI: 10.18484/2305-0047.2018.4.421.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaydyshev IP. Modeling Stochastic and Deterministic Systems. AtteStat User Guide. Version February 16, 2015. Kurgan; 2015; 484 p. http://биостатистика.рф/files/AtteStat_Manual_15.pdf (access date: 01.06.2023). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гайдышев И.П. Моделирование стохастических и детерминированных систем. Руководство пользователя программы AtteStat. Версия от 16.02.2015. Курган; 2015; 484 с. http://биостатистика.рф/files/AtteStat_Manual_15.pdf (дата обращения: 01.06.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Karlsen A, Cullum CK, Norheim KL, Scheel FU, Zinglersen AH, Vahlgren J, Schjerling P, Kjaer M, Mackey AL. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation preserves leg lean mass in geriatric patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020;52(4):773–784. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002191.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Segers J, Vanhorebeek I, Langer D, Charususin N, Wei W, Frickx B, Demeyere I, Clerckx B, Casaer M, Derese I, Derde S, Pauwels L, Van den Berghe G, Hermans G, Gosselink R. Early neuromuscular electrical stimulation reduces the loss of muscle mass in critically ill patients — within subject randomized controlled trial. J Crit Care. 2021;62:65–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.11.018.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Uwamahoro R, Sundaraj K, Subramaniam ID. Assessment of muscle activity using electrical stimulation and mechanomyography: A systematic review. Biomed Eng Online. 2021;20(1):1. DOI: 10.1186/s12938-020-00840-w.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Sun B, Baidillah MR, Darma PN, Shirai T, Narita K, Takei M. Evaluation of the effectiveness of electrical muscle stimulation on human calf muscles via frequency difference electrical impedance tomography. Physiol Meas. 2021;42(3). DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/abe9ff.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
